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When a new treatment is considered for use, whether a pharmaceutical drug or a search engine ranking algorithm, a typical question that arises is, will its performance exceed that of the current treatment? The conventional way to answer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-10-27 Nir Rosenfeld , Yishay Mansour , Elad Yom-Tov

Medical professionals evaluating alternative treatment plans for a patient often encounter time varying confounders, or covariates that affect both the future treatment assignment and the patient outcome. The recently proposed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Garima Gupta , Lovekesh Vig , Gautam Shroff

Balanced representation learning methods have been applied successfully to counterfactual inference from observational data. However, approaches that account for survival outcomes are relatively limited. Survival data are frequently…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-04 Paidamoyo Chapfuwa , Serge Assaad , Shuxi Zeng , Michael J. Pencina , Lawrence Carin , Ricardo Henao

We consider after-study statistical inference for sequentially designed experiments wherein multiple units are assigned treatments for multiple time points using treatment policies that adapt over time. Our goal is to provide inference…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-10 Raaz Dwivedi , Katherine Tian , Sabina Tomkins , Predrag Klasnja , Susan Murphy , Devavrat Shah

In recent years, considerable work has been done to tackle the issue of designing control laws based on observations to allow unknown dynamical systems to perform pre-specified tasks. At least as important for autonomy, however, is the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-05-06 Luiz F. O. Chamon , Santiago Paternain , Alejandro Ribeiro

Counterfactual prediction is a fundamental task in decision-making. G-computation is a method for estimating expected counterfactual outcomes under dynamic time-varying treatment strategies. Existing G-computation implementations have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-25 Rui Li , Zach Shahn , Jun Li , Mingyu Lu , Prithwish Chakraborty , Daby Sow , Mohamed Ghalwash , Li-wei H. Lehman

We present a novel generative method for producing unseen and plausible counterfactual examples for reinforcement learning (RL) agents based upon outcome variables that characterize agent behavior. Our approach uses a variational…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Eric Yeh , Pedro Sequeira , Jesse Hostetler , Melinda Gervasio

Empirical investigations into unintended model behavior often show that the algorithm is predicting another outcome than what was intended. These exposes highlight the need to identify when algorithms predict unintended quantities - ideally…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-27 Amanda Coston

Estimating the counterfactual outcome of treatment is essential for decision-making in public health and clinical science, among others. Often, treatments are administered in a sequential, time-varying manner, leading to an exponentially…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-16 Shenghao Wu , Wenbin Zhou , Minshuo Chen , Shixiang Zhu

The ability to know in advance the trend of running process instances, with respect to different features, such as the expected completion time, would allow business managers to timely counteract to undesired situations, in order to prevent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-02-25 Mirko Polato , Alessandro Sperduti , Andrea Burattin , Massimiliano de Leoni

Recommender systems research tends to evaluate model performance offline and on randomly sampled targets, yet the same systems are later used to predict user behavior sequentially from a fixed point in time. Simulating online recommender…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Milena Filipovic , Blagoj Mitrevski , Diego Antognini , Emma Lejal Glaude , Boi Faltings , Claudiu Musat

Sophisticated machine models are increasingly used for high-stakes decisions in everyday life. There is an urgent need to develop effective explanation techniques for such automated decisions. Rule-Based Explanations have been proposed for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Zixuan Geng , Maximilian Schleich , Dan Suciu

Causal inference, or counterfactual prediction, is central to decision making in healthcare, policy and social sciences. To de-bias causal estimators with high-dimensional data in observational studies, recent advances suggest the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-20 Shuxi Zeng , Serge Assaad , Chenyang Tao , Shounak Datta , Lawrence Carin , Fan Li

To collaborate well with robots, we must be able to understand their decision making. Humans naturally infer other agents' beliefs and desires by reasoning about their observable behavior in a way that resembles inverse reinforcement…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Michael S. Lee , Henny Admoni , Reid Simmons

We consider large-scale systems influenced by burnout variables - state variables that start active, shape dynamics, and irreversibly deactivate once certain conditions are met. Simulating what-if scenarios in such systems is…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Benjamin Heymann

We address a practical problem ubiquitous in modern marketing campaigns, in which a central agent tries to learn a policy for allocating strategic financial incentives to customers and observes only bandit feedback. In contrast to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-12 Romain Lopez , Chenchen Li , Xiang Yan , Junwu Xiong , Michael I. Jordan , Yuan Qi , Le Song

Evaluation of counterfactual queries (e.g., "If A were true, would C have been true?") is important to fault diagnosis, planning, determination of liability, and policy analysis. We present a method of revaluating counterfactuals when the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-21 Alexander Balke , Judea Pearl

Prediction credibility measures, in the form of confidence intervals or probability distributions, are fundamental in statistics and machine learning to characterize model robustness, detect out-of-distribution samples (outliers), and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-26 Luiz F. O. Chamon , Santiago Paternain , Alejandro Ribeiro

Machine Learning models are increasingly used in businesses to detect faults and anomalies in complex systems. In this work, we take this approach a step further: beyond merely detecting anomalies, we aim to identify the optimal control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-15 Emilio Carrizosa , Martina Fischetti , Roshell Haaker , Juan Miguel Morales

There has been considerable recent interest in explainability in AI, especially with black-box machine learning models. As correctly observed by the planning community, when the application at hand is not a single-shot decision or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Vaishak Belle