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The combination of words ``discrete curvature'' is only an apparent contradiction. In this survey we describe curvature notions associated with polygons, polyhedral surfaces, and with abstract polyhedral manifolds. Several theorems about…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2025-02-14 Ivan Izmestiev

Topological defects in systems with liquid-crystalline order are crucial in determining their large-scale properties. In active systems, they are known to have properties impossible at equilibrium: for example, $+1/2$ defects in…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2026-02-17 Giacomo Marco La Montagna , Sumeja Burekovic , Ananyo Maitra , Cesare Nardini

Topological defects are at the root of the large-scale organization of liquid crystals. In two-dimensional active nematics, two classes of topological defects of charges $\pm 1/2$ are known to play a major role due to active stresses.…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2022-04-08 Louis Brézin , Thomas Risler , Jean-François Joanny

The production of gravitational vacuum defects and their contribution in energy density of the Universe are discussed. These topological microstructures could be produced as the result of defect creation of the Universe from "nothing" as…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Vladimir Burdyuzha , J. A. de Freitas Pacheco , Grigory Vereshkov

We show how to define curvature as a measure using the Gauss-Bonnet Theorem on a family of singular surfaces obtained by gluing together smooth surfaces along boundary curves. We find an explicit formula for the curvature measure as a sum…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2018-07-02 Robert S Strichartz

We study the efficiency of genus statistics in differentiating between different models of structure formation. Simple models which reproduce the salient features of the structure seeded by topological defects are examined. We consider…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-28 Pedro Avelino

We show that a nematic field constrained to a curved embedded surface develops an emergent geometric mass in its leading isotropic interaction sector. An auxiliary embedding-space closure mediated by the surface spin connection yields a…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2026-05-20 J. A. Santiago , F. Monroy

The defect morphology is an essential aspect of the evolution of crystals' microstructure and its response to stress. Existing methods either only report defect concentration or characterize only some of the defect morphologies. The need…

Computational Physics · Physics 2021-04-21 Utkarsh Bhardwaj , Andrea E. Sand , Manoj Warrier

We show that the emerging field of discrete differential geometry can be usefully brought to bear on crystallization problems. In particular, we give a simplified proof of the Heitmann-Radin crystallization theorem (R. C. Heitmann, C.…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2017-08-02 Lucia De Luca , Gero Friesecke

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have emerged as a versatile and efficient option for modeling the dynamic behavior of deformable materials. While GNNs generalize readily to arbitrary shapes, mesh topologies, and material parameters, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Jiahong Wang , Logan Numerow , Stelian Coros , Christian Theobalt , Vahid Babaei , Bernhard Thomaszewski

We study rotational surfaces in Euclidean 3-space whose Gauss curvature is given as a prescribed function of its Gauss map. By means of a phase plane analysis and under mild assumptions on the prescribed function, we generalize the…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2022-01-19 Antonio Bueno , Irene Ortiz

Understanding the dynamic processes of the glassy system continues to be challenging. Recent advances have shown the power of graph neural networks (GNNs) for determining the correlation between structure and dynamics in the glassy system.…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2023-10-18 Xiao Jiang , Zean Tian , Kenli Li

A study of the gauged Wess-Zumino-Witten models is given focusing on the effect of topologically non-trivial configurations of gauge fields. A correlation function is expressed as an integral over a moduli space of holomorphic bundles with…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-26 Kentaro Hori

We derive a course grained, continuum model of the 2D vertex model, applicable for different underlying geometries, and allowing for analytical analysis of an otherwise numerical model. Using a geometric approach and out--of--equilibrium…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2022-08-31 Doron Grossman , Jean-Francois Joanny

We describe the flows and morphological dynamics of topological defect lines and loops in three-dimensional active nematics and show, using theory and numerical modelling, that they are governed by the local profile of the orientational…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2020-03-13 Jack Binysh , Žiga Kos , Simon Čopar , Miha Ravnik , Gareth P. Alexander

We develop a global theory for complete hypersurfaces in $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ whose mean curvature is given as a prescribed function of its Gauss map. This theory extends the usual one of constant mean curvature hypersurfaces in…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2019-02-26 Antonio Bueno , Jose A. Galvez , Pablo Mira

A central question in developmental biology is how size and position are determined. The genetic code carries instructions on how to control these properties in order to regulate the pattern and morphology of structures in the developing…

Cell Behavior · Quantitative Biology 2016-12-05 Krishna Garikipati

Morphological trends in growing colonies of living cells are at the core of physiological and evolutionary processes. Using active gel equations, which include cell division, we show that shape changes during the growth can be regulated by…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2016-07-27 Amin Doostmohammadi , Sumesh P. Thampi , Julia M. Yeomans

How does growth encode form in developing organisms? Many different spatiotemporal growth profiles may sculpt tissues into the same target 3D shapes, but only specific growth patterns are observed in animal and plant development. In…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2023-02-16 Dillon J. Cislo , Anastasios Pavlopoulos , Boris I. Shraiman

The growth of several biological tissues is known to be controlled in part by local geometrical features, such as the curvature of the tissue interface. This control leads to changes in tissue shape that in turn can affect the tissue's…

Tissues and Organs · Quantitative Biology 2016-12-01 Almie Alias , Pascal R Buenzli