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Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion (g2p) is necessary for text-to-speech and automatic speech recognition systems. Most g2p systems are monolingual: they require language-specific data or handcrafting of rules. Such systems are difficult to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-05 Ben Peters , Jon Dehdari , Josef van Genabith

The Grapheme-to-Phoneme (G2P) task aims to convert orthographic input into a discrete phonetic representation. G2P conversion is beneficial to various speech processing applications, such as text-to-speech and speech recognition. However,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-01 Manuel Sam Ribeiro , Giulia Comini , Jaime Lorenzo-Trueba

Grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) conversion is the process of converting the written form of words to their pronunciations. It has an important role for text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis and automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. In this paper,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-02-24 Chendong Zhao , Jianzong Wang , Xiaoyang Qu , Haoqian Wang , Jing Xiao

The task of grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) conversion is important for both speech recognition and synthesis. Similar to other speech and language processing tasks, in a scenario where only small-sized training data are available, learning G2P…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Kaili Vesik , Muhammad Abdul-Mageed , Miikka Silfverberg

Grapheme-to-Phoneme (G2P) models convert words to their phonetic pronunciations. Classic G2P methods include rule-based systems and pronunciation dictionaries, while modern G2P systems incorporate learning, such as, LSTM and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Eric Engelhart , Mahsa Elyasi , Gaurav Bharaj

Grapheme-based acoustic modeling has recently been shown to outperform phoneme-based approaches in both hybrid and end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR), even on non-phonemic languages like English. However, graphemic ASR still has…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-17 Duc Le , Thilo Koehler , Christian Fuegen , Michael L. Seltzer

Attention mechanism is one of the most successful techniques in deep learning based Natural Language Processing (NLP). The transformer network architecture is completely based on attention mechanisms, and it outperforms sequence-to-sequence…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-30 Sevinj Yolchuyeva , Géza Németh , Bálint Gyires-Tóth

Grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) conversion is a crucial step in Text-to-Speech (TTS) systems, responsible for mapping grapheme to corresponding phonetic representations. However, it faces ambiguities problems where the same grapheme can represent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Dongrui Han , Mingyu Cui , Jiawen Kang , Xixin Wu , Xunying Liu , Helen Meng

Phoneme-based ASR factorizes recognition into speech-to-phoneme (S2P) and phoneme-to-grapheme (P2G), enabling cross-lingual acoustic sharing while keeping language-specific orthography in a separate module. While large language models…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-01 Lukuang Dong , Ziwei Li , Saierdaer Yusuyin , Xianyu Zhao , Zhijian Ou

Grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) conversion is critical in speech processing, particularly for applications like speech synthesis. G2P systems must possess linguistic understanding and contextual awareness of languages with polyphone words and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Mahta Fetrat Qharabagh , Zahra Dehghanian , Hamid R. Rabiee

In automatic speech recognition (ASR), phoneme-based multilingual pre-training and crosslingual fine-tuning is attractive for its high data efficiency and competitive results compared to subword-based models. However, Weighted Finite State…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Te Ma , Min Bi , Saierdaer Yusuyin , Hao Huang , Zhijian Ou

This research optimizes two-pass cross-lingual transfer learning in low-resource languages by enhancing phoneme recognition and phoneme-to-grapheme translation models. Our approach optimizes these two stages to improve speech recognition…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Wonjun Lee , Gary Geunbae Lee , Yunsu Kim

As a key component of automated speech recognition (ASR) and the front-end in text-to-speech (TTS), grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) plays the role of converting letters to their corresponding pronunciations. Existing methods are either slow or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Chunfeng Wang , Peisong Huang , Yuxiang Zou , Haoyu Zhang , Shichao Liu , Xiang Yin , Zejun Ma

Grapheme-to-Phoneme (G2P) is an essential first step in any modern, high-quality Text-to-Speech (TTS) system. Most of the current G2P systems rely on carefully hand-crafted lexicons developed by experts. This poses a two-fold problem.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Abhinav Garg , Jiyeon Kim , Sushil Khyalia , Chanwoo Kim , Dhananjaya Gowda

Grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) conversion is a key front-end for text-to-speech (TTS), automatic speech recognition (ASR), speech-to-speech translation (S2ST) and alignment systems, especially across multiple Latin-script languages.We present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Luis Felipe Chary , Miguel Arjona Ramirez

In this study, we tackle massively multilingual grapheme-to-phoneme conversion through implementing G2P models based on ByT5. We have curated a G2P dataset from various sources that covers around 100 languages and trained large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Jian Zhu , Cong Zhang , David Jurgens

Recently, pre-trained models with phonetic supervision have demonstrated their advantages for crosslingual speech recognition in data efficiency and information sharing across languages. However, a limitation is that a pronunciation lexicon…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-17 Saierdaer Yusuyin , Te Ma , Hao Huang , Zhijian Ou

Conversion of Chinese graphemes to phonemes (G2P) is an essential component in Mandarin Chinese Text-To-Speech (TTS) systems. One of the biggest challenges in Chinese G2P conversion is how to disambiguate the pronunciation of polyphones -…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Kyubyong Park , Seanie Lee

End-to-end speech synthesis models directly convert the input characters into an audio representation (e.g., spectrograms). Despite their impressive performance, such models have difficulty disambiguating the pronunciations of identically…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-07-29 Artem Ploujnikov , Mirco Ravanelli

Despite the recent significant advances witnessed in end-to-end (E2E) ASR system for code-switching, hunger for audio-text paired data limits the further improvement of the models' performance. In this paper, we propose a decoupled…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Shuai Zhang , Jiangyan Yi , Zhengkun Tian , Ye Bai , Jianhua Tao , Zhengqi wen
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