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Related papers: A Note on Over-Smoothing for Graph Neural Networks

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Graph neural networks (GNNs) are a powerful solution for various structure learning applications due to their strong representation capabilities for graph data. However, traditional GNNs, relying on message-passing mechanisms that gather…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Wei Duan , Jie Lu , Yu Guang Wang , Junyu Xuan

Graph neural networks (GNNs), consisting of a cascade of layers applying a graph convolution followed by a pointwise nonlinearity, have become a powerful architecture to process signals supported on graphs. Graph convolutions (and thus,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Fernando Gama , Joan Bruna , Alejandro Ribeiro

Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) suffer from severe performance degradation in deep architectures due to over-smoothing. While existing studies primarily attribute the over-smoothing to repeated applications of graph Laplacian operators,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Furong Peng , Jinzhen Gao , Xuan Lu , Kang Liu , Yifan Huo , Sheng Wang

The self-attention mechanism in transformers and the message-passing mechanism in graph neural networks are repeatedly applied within deep learning architectures. We show that this application inevitably leads to oversmoothing, i.e., to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Ameen Ali , Tomer Galanti , Lior Wolf

Oversmoothing in Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) poses a significant challenge as network depth increases, leading to homogenized node representations and a loss of expressiveness. In this work, we approach the oversmoothing problem from a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Biswadeep Chakraborty , Harshit Kumar , Saibal Mukhopadhyay

Oversmoothing is a common challenge in learning graph neural networks (GNN), where, as layers increase, embedding features learned from GNNs quickly become similar or indistinguishable, making them incapable of differentiating network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Yufei Jin , Xingquan Zhu

The dominant paradigm for learning on graph-structured data is message passing. Despite being a strong inductive bias, the local message passing mechanism suffers from pathological issues such as over-smoothing, over-squashing, and limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Jacob Bamberger , Federico Barbero , Xiaowen Dong , Michael M. Bronstein

Graph neural networks (GNNs) hold the promise of learning efficient representations of graph-structured data, and one of its most important applications is semi-supervised node classification. However, in this application, GNN frameworks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Jiaqi Sun , Lin Zhang , Shenglin Zhao , Yujiu Yang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) with equivariant properties have achieved significant success in modeling complex dynamic systems and molecular properties. However, their expressiveness ability is limited by: (1) Existing methods often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Yingxu Wang , Nan Yin , Mingyan Xiao , Xinhao Yi , Siwei Liu , Shangsong Liang

While graph neural networks (GNNs) have allowed researchers to successfully apply neural networks to non-Euclidean domains, deep GNNs often exhibit lower predictive performance than their shallow counterparts. This phenomena has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Keqin Wang , Yulong Yang , Ishan Saha , Christine Allen-Blanchette

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have demonstrated remarkable success in learning from graph-structured data. However, the influence of the input graph's topology on GNN behavior remains poorly understood. In this work, we explore whether GNNs…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-26 Amine Mohamed Aboussalah , Abdessalam Ed-dib

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are designed to process data associated with graphs. They are finding an increasing range of applications; however, as with other modern machine learning techniques, their theoretical understanding is limited.…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-02-23 O. Duranthon , L. Zdeborová

Cellular sheaves equip graphs with a "geometrical" structure by assigning vector spaces and linear maps to nodes and edges. Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) implicitly assume a graph with a trivial underlying sheaf. This choice is reflected in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-09 Cristian Bodnar , Francesco Di Giovanni , Benjamin Paul Chamberlain , Pietro Liò , Michael M. Bronstein

Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) have become pivotal in recommendation systems for learning user and item embeddings by leveraging the user-item interaction graph's node information and topology. However, these models often face the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Leilei Ding , Dazhong Shen , Chao Wang , Tianfu Wang , Le Zhang , Yanyong Zhang

In recent years, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have shown superior performance on diverse applications on real-world datasets. To improve the model capacity and alleviate the over-smoothing problem, several methods proposed to incorporate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Lanning Wei , Huan Zhao , Zhiqiang He

A long-standing goal in deep learning has been to characterize the learning behavior of black-box models in a more interpretable manner. For graph neural networks (GNNs), considerable advances have been made in formalizing what functions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Chenxiao Yang , Qitian Wu , David Wipf , Ruoyu Sun , Junchi Yan

In this paper, we study the generalization capabilities of geometric graph neural networks (GNNs). We consider GNNs over a geometric graph constructed from a finite set of randomly sampled points over an embedded manifold with topological…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-10 Zhiyang Wang , Juan Cervino , Alejandro Ribeiro

Existing approaches for graph neural networks commonly suffer from the oversmoothing issue, regardless of how neighborhoods are aggregated. Most methods also focus on transductive scenarios for fixed graphs, leading to poor generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Kyuyong Shin , Wonyoung Shin , Jung-Woo Ha , Sunyoung Kwon

Message Passing Neural Networks (MPNNs) hold a key position in machine learning on graphs, but they struggle with unintended behaviors, such as over-smoothing and over-squashing, due to irregular data structures. The observation and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Junhyun Lee , Veronika Thost , Bumsoo Kim , Jaewoo Kang , Tengfei Ma

The analogy to heat diffusion has enhanced our understanding of information flow in graphs and inspired the development of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). However, most diffusion-based GNNs emulate passive heat diffusion, which still suffers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Mengying Jiang
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