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There are many types of automata and grammar models that have been studied in the literature, and for these models, it is common to determine whether certain problems are decidable. One problem that has been difficult to answer throughout…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Oscar H. Ibarra , Ian McQuillan

Probabilistic models are a critical part of the modern deep learning toolbox - ranging from generative models (VAEs, GANs), sequence to sequence models used in machine translation and speech processing to models over functional spaces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-10 Krishnamurthy Dvijotham , Marta Garnelo , Alhussein Fawzi , Pushmeet Kohli

{log} (read 'setlog') was born as a Constraint Logic Programming (CLP) language where sets and binary relations are first-class citizens, thus fostering set programming. Internally, {log} is a constraint satisfiability solver implementing…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Maximiliano Cristiá , Alfredo Capozucca , Gianfranco Rossi

Recent advances have shown that scaling test-time computation enables large language models (LLMs) to solve increasingly complex problems across diverse domains. One effective paradigm for test-time scaling (TTS) involves LLM generators…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Yefan Zhou , Austin Xu , Yilun Zhou , Janvijay Singh , Jiang Gui , Shafiq Joty

We give a new theoretical solution to a leading-edge experimental challenge, namely to the verification of quantum computations in the regime of high computational complexity. Our results are given in the language of quantum interactive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-25 Anne Broadbent

We first show that given a $k_1$-letter quantum finite automata $\mathcal{A}_1$ and a $k_2$-letter quantum finite automata $\mathcal{A}_2$ over the same input alphabet $\Sigma$, they are equivalent if and only if they are…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Tianrong Lin

Quantum money is the task of verifying the validity of banknotes while ensuring that they cannot be counterfeited. Public-key quantum money allows anyone to perform verification, while the private-key setting restricts the ability to verify…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-09 Peter Yuen

We implement a set of procedures for deciding whether or not a language given by its minimal automaton or by its syntactic semigroup is locally testable, right or left locally testable, threshold locally testable, strictly locally testable,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-05-27 A. N. Trahtman

Large language models have achieved remarkable success on final-answer mathematical problems, largely due to the ease of applying reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards. However, the reasoning underlying these solutions is often…

In Formal Languages and Automata Theory courses, students find understanding nondeterministic finite-state and pushdown automata difficult. In many cases, this means that it is challenging for them to comprehend the operational semantics of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Marco T. Morazán , David Anthony K. Fields , Andrés M. Garced , Tijana Minić

Error-tolerant recognition enables the recognition of strings that deviate mildly from any string in the regular set recognized by the underlying finite state recognizer. Such recognition has applications in error-tolerant morphological…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Kemal Oflazer

As a natural extension of the SAT problem, an array of proof systems for quantified Boolean formulas (QBF) have been proposed, many of which extend a propositional proof system to handle universal quantification. By formalising the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Olaf Beyersdorff , Joshua Blinkhorn , Luke Hinde

Probabilistic pushdown automata (pPDA) are a standard model for discrete probabilistic programs with procedures and recursion. In pPDA, many quantitative properties are characterized as least fixpoints of polynomial equation systems. In…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Tobias Winkler , Joost-Pieter Katoen

We answer two open questions by (Gruber, Holzer, Kutrib, 2009) on the state-complexity of representing sub- or superword closures of context-free grammars (CFGs): (1) We prove a (tight) upper bound of $2^{\mathcal{O}(n)}$ on the size of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-10-24 Georg Bachmeier , Michael Luttenberger , Maximilian Schlund

We study the almost sure convergence of randomly truncated stochastic algorithms. We present a new convergence theorem which extends the already known results by making vanish the classical condition on the noise terms. The aim of this work…

Probability · Mathematics 2009-06-29 Jérôme Lelong

This paper studies the complexity of languages of finite words using automata theory. To go beyond the class of regular languages, we consider infinite automata and the notion of state complexity defined by Karp. Motivated by the seminal…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-12-25 Nathanaël Fijalkow

We study the emptiness and $\lambda$-reachability problems for unary and binary Probabilistic Finite Automata (PFA) and characterise the complexity of these problems in terms of the degree of ambiguity of the automaton and the size of its…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Paul C. Bell , Pavel Semukhin

We address the problem of analyzing asynchronous event-driven programs, in which concurrent agents communicate via unbounded message queues. The safety verification problem for such programs is undecidable. We present in this paper a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-05-27 Peizun Liu , Thomas Wahl , Akash LaL

The following problem is considered. A Turing machine $M$, that accepts a string of fixed length $t$ as input, runs for a time not exceeding a fixed value $n$ and is guaranteed to produce a binary output, is given. It's required to find a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-12-04 Marsel Matdinov

We study finite-state transducers and their power for transforming infinite words. Infinite sequences of symbols are of paramount importance in a wide range of fields, from formal languages to pure mathematics and physics. While finite…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-03-09 Jörg Endrullis , Juhani Karhumäki Jan Willem Klop , Aleksi Saarela