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Mean field theory provides an effective way of scaling multiagent reinforcement learning algorithms to environments with many agents that can be abstracted by a virtual mean agent. In this paper, we extend mean field multiagent algorithms…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Sriram Ganapathi Subramanian , Pascal Poupart , Matthew E. Taylor , Nidhi Hegde

Mean field type games (MFTGs) describe Nash equilibria between large coalitions: each coalition consists of a continuum of cooperative agents who maximize the average reward of their coalition while interacting non-cooperatively with a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Kai Shao , Jiacheng Shen , Mathieu Laurière

The Mean-Field approximation is a tractable approach for studying large population dynamics. However, its assumption on homogeneity and universal connections among all agents limits its applicability in many real-world scenarios.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Peihan Huo , Oscar Peralta , Junyu Guo , Qiaomin Xie , Andreea Minca

Methods like multi-agent reinforcement learning struggle to scale with growing population size. Mean-field games (MFGs) are a game-theoretic approach that can circumvent this by finding a solution for an abstract infinite population, which…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Patrick Benjamin , Alessandro Abate

We address in this paper a fundamental question that arises in mean-field games (MFGs), namely whether mean-field equilibria (MFE) for discrete-time finite-horizon MFGs can be used to obtain approximate stationary as well as non-stationary…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-05 Uğur Aydın , Tamer Başar , Naci Saldi

When controlling multi-agent systems, the trade-off between performance and scalability is a major challenge. Here, we address this difficulty by using mean field games (MFGs), which is a framework that deduces the macroscopic dynamics…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-08-06 Daisuke Inoue , Yuji Ito , Takahito Kashiwabara , Norikazu Saito , Hiroaki Yoshida

This paper introduces a framework of Constrained Mean-Field Games (CMFGs), where each agent solves a constrained Markov decision process (CMDP). This formulation captures scenarios in which agents' strategies are subject to feasibility,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-15 Anran Hu , Zijiu Lyu

Mean Field Game systems describe equilibrium configurations in differential games with infinitely many infinitesimal interacting agents. We introduce a learning procedure (similar to the Fictitious Play) for these games and show its…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-08-03 Pierre Cardaliaguet , Saeed Hadikhanloo

In this paper, we investigate the interaction of two populations with a large number of indistinguishable agents. The problem consists in two levels: the interaction between agents of a same population, and the interaction between the two…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-10-30 Alain Bensoussan , Tao Huang , Mathieu Laurière

Mean Field Games (MFGs) can potentially scale multi-agent systems to extremely large populations of agents. Yet, most of the literature assumes a single initial distribution for the agents, which limits the practical applications of MFGs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Sarah Perrin , Mathieu Laurière , Julien Pérolat , Romuald Élie , Matthieu Geist , Olivier Pietquin

This paper considers the challenging tasks of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) under partial observability, where each agent only sees her own individual observations and actions that reveal incomplete information about the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Qinghua Liu , Csaba Szepesvári , Chi Jin

Mean Field Games (MFG) have been introduced to tackle games with a large number of competing players. Considering the limit when the number of players is infinite, Nash equilibria are studied by considering the interaction of a typical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-14 Mathieu Lauriere

Financial markets are often driven by latent factors which traders cannot observe. Here, we address an algorithmic trading problem with collections of heterogeneous agents who aim to perform optimal execution or statistical arbitrage, where…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2019-04-02 Philippe Casgrain , Sebastian Jaimungal

Mean field games (MFGs) provide a mathematically tractable framework for modelling large-scale multi-agent systems by leveraging mean field theory to simplify interactions among agents. It enables applying inverse reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yang Chen , Libo Zhang , Jiamou Liu , Michael Witbrock

We address in this paper Reinforcement Learning (RL) among agents that are grouped into teams such that there is cooperation within each team but general-sum (non-zero sum) competition across different teams. To develop an RL method that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Muhammad Aneeq uz Zaman , Alec Koppel , Mathieu Laurière , Tamer Başar

Mean field games (MFG) and mean field control (MFC) are critical classes of multi-agent models for efficient analysis of massive populations of interacting agents. Their areas of application span topics in economics, finance, game theory,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Lars Ruthotto , Stanley Osher , Wuchen Li , Levon Nurbekyan , Samy Wu Fung

Mean-Field Control (MFC) is a powerful tool to solve Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) problems. Recent studies have shown that MFC can well-approximate MARL when the population size is large and the agents are exchangeable.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-02 Washim Uddin Mondal , Vaneet Aggarwal , Satish V. Ukkusuri

Many real-world strategic games involve interactions between multiple players. We study a hierarchical multi-player game structure, where players with asymmetric roles can be separated into leaders and followers, a setting often referred to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Yaolong Yu , Haifeng Xu , Haipeng Chen

This paper considers mean field games with optimal stopping time (OSMFGs) where agents make optimal exit decisions, the coupled obstacle and Fokker-Planck equations in such models pose challenges versus classic MFGs. This paper proposes a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-10-10 Chengfeng Shen , Yifan Luo , Zhennan Zhou

We consider discrete-time stationary mean field games (MFG) with unknown dynamics and design algorithms for finding the equilibrium with finite-time complexity guarantees. Prior solutions to the problem assume either the contraction of a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-13 Sihan Zeng , Sujay Bhatt , Alec Koppel , Sumitra Ganesh