Related papers: Comment on "Defining the electromagnetic potential…
Gauge invariance is the basis of the modern theory of electroweak and strong interactions (the so called Standard Model). The roots of gauge invariance go back to the year 1820 when electromagnetism was discovered and the first…
It is well understood that various alternatives are available within EM theory for the definitions of energy density, momentum transfer, EM stress-energy tensor, and so forth. Although the various options are all compatible with the basic…
Quantizing the electromagnetic field with a group formalism faces the difficulty of how to turn the traditional gauge transformation of the vector potential, $A_{\mu}(x)\rightarrow A_{\mu}(x)+\partial_{\mu}\varphi(x)$, into a group law. In…
Gauge invariance is a powerful tool to determine the dynamical forces among the fundamental constituents of matter. The particle content, structure and symmetries of the Standard Model Lagrangian are discussed. Special emphasis is given to…
We argue that, ideally, the ways to measure magnitudes in non-quantum theories of physics (spacetime, field theory), limit drastically their possible mathematical models. In particular, gauge invariance in the Yang-Mills framework, is a…
The gauge invariance of the evolution equations of tomographic probability distribution functions of quantum particles in an electromagnetic field is illustrated. Explicit expressions for the transformations of ordinary tomograms of states…
The potential concept that is successful in classical electrodynamics should also be applicable to the nonlinear electromagnetic forces acting on matter. The obvious method of determining these potentials should be provided by Helmholtz's…
We investigate here the question raised in literature about the correct expression for the electromagnetic field-momentum, especially when static fields are involved. For this we examine a couple of simple but intriguing cases. First we…
The analytical expressions for the electromagnetic potential generated from a focusing charged particle beam are indispensable in various beam physics problems. In this article, we review the theory in detail and point out the necessary…
Within no inertial frame can stationary charge exist. All charge, wherever it exists, experiences perpetual interaction with charge elsewhere and so can only exist as non-trivial current. It follows that the notion of the electrostatic…
We consider gauge theories from the free evolution point of view, in which initial data satisfying constraints of a theory are given. Because the constraints are compatible with the field equations they remain so. We study a model…
In the classical electrodynamics, different gauges, i.e. connections between the electromagnetic potentials, are used. Some of these are quite specific and intended for calculations in special systems (absence of free charges, etc.). All of…
A generalization of General Relativity is studied. The standard Einstein-Hilbert action is considered in the Palatini formalism, where the connection and the metric are independent variables, and the connection is not symmetric. As a result…
Within the framework of the universal algebra of the electromagnetic field, the impact of globally neutral configurations of external charges on the field is analyzed. External charges are not affected by the field, but they induce…
In the framework of the canonical quantization of the electromagnetic field, we impose as primary condition on the dynamics the positive definiteness of the energy spectrum. This implies that (Glauber) coherent states have to be considered…
Our previous work developed a framework for treating the motion of a small body in general relativity, based on a one-parameter-family of solutions to Einstein's equation. Here we give an analysis of the coordinate freedom allowed within…
Gauge freedom in quantum electrodynamics (QED) outside of textbook regimes is reviewed. It is emphasized that QED subsystems are defined relative to a choice of gauge. Each definition uses different gauge-invariant observables. This…
Is there an absolute cosmic electric potential?. The recent discovery of the accelerated expansion of the universe could be indicating that this is certainly the case. In this essay we show that the consistency of the covariant and gauge…
Classical Electrodynamics is not a consistent theory because of its field inadequate behaviour in the vicinity of their sources. Its problems with the electron equation of motion and with non-integrable singularity of the electron self…
Theory of electromagnetic field, specified by an effective action functional, is considered. The causality condition is imposed in the form of a requirement that the group velocities of propagation of small and soft disturbances over the…