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As language models become more general purpose, increased attention needs to be paid to detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) instances, i.e., those not belonging to any of the distributions seen during training. Existing methods for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Aryan Gulati , Xingjian Dong , Carlos Hurtado , Sarath Shekkizhar , Swabha Swayamdipta , Antonio Ortega

It is crucial to detect when an instance lies downright too far from the training samples for the machine learning model to be trusted, a challenge known as out-of-distribution (OOD) detection. For neural networks, one approach to this task…

Deep neural networks are known to achieve superior results in classification tasks. However, it has been recently shown that they are incapable to detect examples that are generated by a distribution which is different than the one they…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-09 Aristotelis-Angelos Papadopoulos , Nazim Shaikh , Mohammad Reza Rajati

Out of distribution (OOD) detection is a crucial part of making machine learning systems robust. The ImageNet-O dataset is an important tool in testing the robustness of ImageNet trained deep neural networks that are widely used across a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Anugya Srivastava , Shriya Jain , Mugdha Thigle

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task for safe deployment of learning systems in the open world setting. In this work, we investigate the use of feature density estimation via normalizing flows for OOD detection and present…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Evan D. Cook , Marc-Antoine Lavoie , Steven L. Waslander

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task for ensuring the reliability and safety of deep neural networks in real-world scenarios. Different from most previous OOD detection methods that focus on designing OOD scores or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Yao Zhu , YueFeng Chen , Chuanlong Xie , Xiaodan Li , Rong Zhang , Hui Xue , Xiang Tian , bolun zheng , Yaowu Chen

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to detect test samples outside the training category space, which is an essential component in building reliable machine learning systems. Existing reviews on OOD detection primarily focus on method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Shuo Lu , Yingsheng Wang , Lijun Sheng , Lingxiao He , Aihua Zheng , Jian Liang

Deep neural networks (DNNs) often exhibit overconfidence when encountering out-of-distribution (OOD) samples, posing significant challenges for deployment. Since DNNs are trained on in-distribution (ID) datasets, the information flow of ID…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Guide Yang , Chao Hou , Weilong Peng , Xiang Fang , Yongwei Nie , Peican Zhu , Keke Tang

A key feature of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is to exploit a trained neural network by extracting statistical patterns and relationships through the multi-layer classifier to detect shifts in the expected input data distribution.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Eduardo Dadalto , Pierre Colombo , Guillaume Staerman , Nathan Noiry , Pablo Piantanida

Deep neural networks suffer from the overconfidence issue in the open world, meaning that classifiers could yield confident, incorrect predictions for out-of-distribution (OOD) samples. Thus, it is an urgent and challenging task to detect…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Qiuyu Zhu , Guohui Zheng , Yingying Yan

Deep neural networks achieve superior performance in challenging tasks such as image classification. However, deep classifiers tend to incorrectly classify out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, which are inputs that do not belong to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-24 Vahdat Abdelzad , Krzysztof Czarnecki , Rick Salay , Taylor Denounden , Sachin Vernekar , Buu Phan

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical issue for the stable and reliable operation of systems using a deep neural network (DNN). Although many OOD detection methods have been proposed, it remains unclear how the differences…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Kazuki Uematsu , Kosuke Haruki , Taiji Suzuki , Mitsuhiro Kimura , Takahiro Takimoto , Hideyuki Nakagawa

Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) detection has received broad attention over the years, aiming to ensure the reliability and safety of deep neural networks (DNNs) in real-world scenarios by rejecting incorrect predictions. However, we notice a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Yao Zhu , Yuefeng Chen , Xiaodan Li , Rong Zhang , Hui Xue , Xiang Tian , Rongxin Jiang , Bolun Zheng , Yaowu Chen

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) instances is crucial for the reliable deployment of machine learning models in real-world scenarios. OOD inputs are commonly expected to cause a more uncertain prediction in the primary task; however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Mohammad Azizmalayeri , Ameen Abu-Hanna , Giovanni Cinà

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is an important task in machine learning systems for ensuring their reliability and safety. Deep probabilistic generative models facilitate OOD detection by estimating the likelihood of a data sample.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Jaemoo Choi , Changyeon Yoon , Jeongwoo Bae , Myungjoo Kang

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are proven effective in extracting complex node and structural information from graph data. While current GNNs perform well in node classification tasks within in-distribution (ID) settings, real-world scenarios…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Tao Yin , Chen Zhao , Xiaoyan Liu , Minglai Shao

Out-of-distribution detection (OOD) deals with anomalous input to neural networks. In the past, specialized methods have been proposed to reject predictions on anomalous input. Similarly, it was shown that feature extraction models in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Jan Diers , Christian Pigorsch

Out-of-distribution detection is an important capability that has long eluded vanilla neural networks. Deep Neural networks (DNNs) tend to generate over-confident predictions when presented with inputs that are significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Sumedh A Sontakke , Buvaneswari Ramanan , Laurent Itti , Thomas Woo

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is a critical capability for ensuring the safe deployment of machine learning models in open-world environments, where unexpected or anomalous inputs can compromise model reliability and performance.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Weijun Gao , Rundong He , Jinyang Dong , Yongshun Gong

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical to ensuring the reliability of deep learning applications and has attracted significant attention in recent years. A rich body of literature has emerged to develop efficient score functions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Yuhang Liu , Yuefei Wu , Bin Shi , Bo Dong