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Quantum repeaters (QRs) provide a way of enabling long distance quantum communication by establishing entangled qubits between remote locations. We investigate a new approach to QRs in which quantum information can be faithfully transmitted…

Quantum communication is at the forefront of quantum technology, enabling the development of absolutely secure encryption, distributed quantum computing, teleportation and more. Whilst quantum communication has been experimentally…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-24 Scott E. Vinay , Pieter Kok

Quantum Communications on planetary scale require complementary channels including ground and satellite links. The former have progressed up to commercial stage using fiber-cables, while for satellite links, the absence of terminals in…

In the absence of quantum repeaters, quantum communication proved to be nearly impossible across optical fibres longer than $\gtrsim 20\text{ km}$ due to the drop of transmissivity below the critical threshold of $1/2$. However, if the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-29 Francesco Anna Mele , Ludovico Lami , Vittorio Giovannetti

This work presents a satellite alternative to quantum repeaters based on the terrestrial laid of optical fiber, where the latter have the following disadvantages: a propagation speed (v) equal to 2/3 of the speed of light (c), losses and an…

General Physics · Physics 2020-05-26 Sundaraja Sitharama Iyengar , Mario Mastriani

Recent experimental breakthroughs in satellite quantum communications have opened up the possibility of creating a global quantum internet using satellite links. This approach appears to be particularly viable in the near term, due to the…

The ability to communicate quantum information over long distances is of central importance in quantum science and engineering. For example, it enables secure quantum key distribution (QKD) relying on fundamental principles that prohibit…

Quantum networks hold promise for key distribution, private and distributed computing, and quantum sensing, among other applications. The scale of such networks for ground users is currently limited by one's ability to distribute…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-19 Yanxuan Shao , Saikat Guha , Adilson E. Motter

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cryptographic method enabling two parties to establish a private encryption key. The range of communication of ground-based QKD is limited to an order of 100km, due to in-fibre attenuations and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-04 Olivia Lee , Tom Vergoossen

Optical photons are powerful carriers of quantum information, which can be delivered in free space by satellites or in fibers on the ground over long distances. Entanglement of quantum states over long distances can empower quantum…

In this paper, we investigate the optimization of global quantum communication through satellite constellations. We address the challenge of quantum key distribution (QKD) across vast distances and the limitations posed by terrestrial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-03 Yichen Gao , Guanqun Song , Ting Zhu

A protocol with the potential of beating the existing distance records for conventional quantum key distribution (QKD) systems is proposed. It borrows ideas from quantum repeaters by using memories in the middle of the link, and that of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-02 Christiana Panayi , Mohsen Razavi , Xiongfeng Ma , Norbert Lütkenhaus

Quantum key distribution (QKD) uses individual light quanta in quantum superposition states to guarantee unconditional communication security between distant parties. In practice, the achievable distance for QKD has been limited to a few…

Despite the tremendous progress of quantum cryptography, efficient quantum communication over long distances (>1000km) remains an outstanding challenge due to fiber attenuation and operation errors accumulated over the entire communication…

We analyze elementary building blocks for quantum repeaters based on fiber channels and memory stations. Implementations are considered for three different physical platforms, for which suitable components are available: quantum dots,…

Quantum computing and quantum communication, have been greatly developed in recent years and expected to contribute to quantum internet technologies, including cloud quantum computing and unconditionally secure communication. However,…

Developing and deploying advanced Quantum Repeater (QR) technologies will be necessary to scale quantum networks to longer distances. Depending on the error mitigation mechanisms adopted to suppress loss and errors, QRs are typically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Chuen Hei Chan , Charu Jain , Ezra Kissel , Wenji Wu , Edwin Barnes , Sophia E. Economou , Inder Monga

Satellite quantum communications are emerging within the panorama of quantum technologies as a more effective strategy to distribute completely-secure keys at very long distances, therefore playing an important role in the architecture of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-20 Stefano Pirandola

Long-distance quantum communication via distant pairs of entangled quantum bits (qubits) is the first step towards more secure message transmission and distributed quantum computing. To date, the most promising proposals require quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 O. A. Collins , S. D. Jenkins , A. Kuzmich , T. A. B. Kennedy

Quantum repeater holds the promise for scalable long-distance quantum communication. Towards a first quantum repeater based on memory-photon entanglement, significant progresses have made in improving performances of the building blocks.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-04-06 Sheng-Jun Yang , Xu-Jie Wang , Xiao-Hui Bao , Jian-Wei Pan