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We consider a fully cooperative multi-agent system where agents cooperate to maximize a system's utility in a partial-observable environment. We propose that multi-agent systems must have the ability to (1) communicate and understand the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Jianyu Su , Stephen Adams , Peter A. Beling

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) comprises a broad area of research within the field of multi-agent systems. Several recent works have focused specifically on the study of communication approaches in MARL. While multiple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Rafael Pina , Varuna De Silva , Corentin Artaud , Xiaolan Liu

Communication is a powerful tool for coordination in multi-agent RL. But inducing an effective, common language is a difficult challenge, particularly in the decentralized setting. In this work, we introduce an alternative perspective where…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Yat Long Lo , Biswa Sengupta , Jakob Foerster , Michael Noukhovitch

Communication is a key component in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) for mitigating partial observability, yet prior approaches often rely on inefficient information exchange or fail to transmit sufficient state information. To…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Sangjun Bae , Yisak Park , Sanghyeon Lee , Seungyul Han

We consider the problem of learning to communicate using multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). A common approach is to learn off-policy, using data sampled from a replay buffer. However, messages received in the past may not accurately…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Sanjeevan Ahilan , Peter Dayan

Multi-agent reinforcement learning is a promising research area that extends established reinforcement learning approaches to problems formulated as multi-agent systems. Recently, a multitude of communication methods have been introduced to…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Christoph Wittner

We consider the problem of multiple agents sensing and acting in environments with the goal of maximising their shared utility. In these environments, agents must learn communication protocols in order to share information that is needed to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-05-25 Jakob N. Foerster , Yannis M. Assael , Nando de Freitas , Shimon Whiteson

Existing communication methods for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in cooperative multi-robot problems are almost exclusively task-specific, training new communication strategies for each unique task. We address this inefficiency…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Dulhan Jayalath , Steven Morad , Amanda Prorok

Communication is one of the effective means to improve the learning of cooperative policy in multi-agent systems. However, in most real-world scenarios, lossy communication is a prevalent issue. Existing multi-agent reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Guang Yang , Tianpei Yang , Jingwen Qiao , Yanqing Wu , Jing Huo , Xingguo Chen , Yang Gao

Multi-agent settings remain a fundamental challenge in the reinforcement learning (RL) domain due to the partial observability and the lack of accurate real-time interactions across agents. In this paper, we propose a new method based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Donghan Xie , Zhi Wang , Chunlin Chen , Daoyi Dong

We consider the problem of robust multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) for cooperative communication and coordination tasks. MARL agents, mainly those trained in a centralized way, can be brittle because they can adopt policies that…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-12-16 T. van der Heiden , C. Salge , E. Gavves , H. van Hoof

In multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL), agents can communicate with one another to perform a task in a coordinated manner. When multiple tasks are involved, agents can also leverage knowledge from one task to improve learning in…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Changxi Zhu , Mehdi Dastani , Shihan Wang

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has witnessed significant progress with the development of value function factorization methods. It allows optimizing a joint action-value function through the maximization of factorized per-agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Hanhan Zhou , Tian Lan , Vaneet Aggarwal

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) aims to coordinate multiple agents to achieve a common goal. A key challenge in MARL is credit assignment, which involves assessing each agent's contribution to the shared reward. Given…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Xutong Zhao , Yaqi Xie

Recent studies in multi-agent communicative reinforcement learning (MACRL) have demonstrated that multi-agent coordination can be greatly improved by allowing communication between agents. Meanwhile, adversarial machine learning (ML) has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-27 Wanqi Xue , Wei Qiu , Bo An , Zinovi Rabinovich , Svetlana Obraztsova , Chai Kiat Yeo

Counterfactual thinking describes a psychological phenomenon that people re-infer the possible results with different solutions about things that have already happened. It helps people to gain more experience from mistakes and thus to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-19 Yue Wang , Yao Wan , Chenwei Zhang , Lixin Cui , Lu Bai , Philip S. Yu

Offline Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is valuable in scenarios where online interaction is impractical or risky. While independent learning in MARL offers flexibility and scalability, accurately assigning credit to individual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Ziyan Wang , Yali Du , Yudi Zhang , Meng Fang , Biwei Huang

Communication in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has been proven to effectively promote cooperation among agents recently. Since communication in real-world scenarios is vulnerable to noises and adversarial attacks, it is crucial…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Lebin Yu , Yunbo Qiu , Quanming Yao , Yuan Shen , Xudong Zhang , Jian Wang

This work explores the large-scale multi-agent communication mechanism under a multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) setting. We summarize the general categories of topology for communication structures in MARL literature, which are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-12 Junjie Sheng , Xiangfeng Wang , Bo Jin , Junchi Yan , Wenhao Li , Tsung-Hui Chang , Jun Wang , Hongyuan Zha

We propose a targeted communication architecture for multi-agent reinforcement learning, where agents learn both what messages to send and whom to address them to while performing cooperative tasks in partially-observable environments. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Abhishek Das , Théophile Gervet , Joshua Romoff , Dhruv Batra , Devi Parikh , Michael Rabbat , Joelle Pineau
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