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Causal reasoning is increasingly used in Reinforcement Learning (RL) to improve the learning process in several dimensions: efficacy of learned policies, efficiency of convergence, generalisation capabilities, safety and interpretability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Giovanni Briglia , Stefano Mariani , Franco Zambonelli

Advances in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) enable sequential decision making for a range of exciting multi-agent applications such as cooperative AI and autonomous driving. Explaining agent decisions is crucial for improving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Kayla Boggess , Sarit Kraus , Lu Feng

Many recent successful off-policy multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms for cooperative partially observable environments focus on finding factorized value functions, leading to convoluted network structures. Building on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Raphaël Avalos , Mathieu Reymond , Ann Nowé , Diederik M. Roijers

We consider multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) for cooperative communication and coordination tasks. MARL agents can be brittle because they can overfit their training partners' policies. This overfitting can produce agents that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Tessa van der Heiden , Herke van Hoof , Efstratios Gavves , Christoph Salge

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents often struggle to generalize to new tasks and contexts without updating their parameters, mainly because their learned representations and policies are overfit to the specifics of their training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Fernando Martinez-Lopez , Tao Li , Yingdong Lu , Juntao Chen

Communication is essential for the collective execution of complex tasks by human agents, motivating interest in communication mechanisms for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). However, existing communication protocols in MARL are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Maciej Wojtala , Bogusz Stefańczyk , Dominik Bogucki , Łukasz Lepak , Jakub Strykowski , Paweł Wawrzyński

This paper serves to introduce the reader to the field of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) and its intersection with methods from the study of causality. We highlight key challenges in MARL and discuss these in the context of how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-02 St John Grimbly , Jonathan Shock , Arnu Pretorius

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has achieved significant results, most notably by leveraging the representation-learning abilities of deep neural networks. However, large centralized approaches quickly become…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Nikunj Gupta , G Srinivasaraghavan , Swarup Kumar Mohalik , Nishant Kumar , Matthew E. Taylor

Deep Reinforcement Learning has made significant progress in multi-agent systems in recent years. In this review article, we have focused on presenting recent approaches on Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithms. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Afshin OroojlooyJadid , Davood Hajinezhad

We consider the problem of using logged data to make predictions about what would happen if we changed the `rules of the game' in a multi-agent system. This task is difficult because in many cases we observe actions individuals take but not…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-04-05 Alexander Peysakhovich , Christian Kroer , Adam Lerer

Finding a balance between collaboration and competition is crucial for artificial agents in many real-world applications. We investigate this using a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) setup on the back of a high-impact problem. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Philipp Dominic Siedler

This paper presents a novel approach to Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) that combines cooperative task decomposition with the learning of reward machines (RMs) encoding the structure of the sub-tasks. The proposed method helps…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Leo Ardon , Daniel Furelos-Blanco , Alessandra Russo

Multi-agent reinforcement learning is a standard framework for modeling multi-agent interactions applied in real-world scenarios. Inspired by experience sharing in human groups, learning knowledge parallel reusing between agents can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Yongyuan Liang , Bangwei Li

Communication can promote coordination in cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL). Nowadays, existing works mainly focus on improving the communication efficiency of agents, neglecting that real-world communication is much…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Lei Yuan , Feng Chen , Zhongzhang Zhang , Yang Yu

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has emerged as a powerfulparadigm for cooperative decision-making in connected autonomous vehicles(CAVs); however, existing approaches often fail to guarantee stability, optimality,and…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-11-25 Mazyar Taghavi , Javad Vahidi

Communication could potentially be an effective way for multi-agent cooperation. However, information sharing among all agents or in predefined communication architectures that existing methods adopt can be problematic. When there is a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-11-26 Jiechuan Jiang , Zongqing Lu

For communication to happen successfully, a common language is required between agents to understand information communicated by one another. Inducing the emergence of a common language has been a difficult challenge to multi-agent learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Yat Long Lo , Biswa Sengupta

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) methods have shown promise in enabling agents to learn a shared communication protocol from scratch and accomplish challenging team tasks. However, the learned language is usually not interpretable…

We discuss the problem of decentralized multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in this work. In our setting, the global state, action, and reward are assumed to be fully observable, while the local policy is protected as privacy by each…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Kuo Li , Qing-Shan Jia

Resource allocation is an important issue in cognitive radio systems. It can be done by carrying out negotiation among secondary users. However, significant overhead may be incurred by the negotiation since the negotiation needs to be done…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Husheng Li