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Stochastic process-based molecular graph generators have become the state of the art for template-free single-step retrosynthesis. However, these models are typically trained only on product-reactant pairs, thereby acquiring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jiahai Huang , Anjie Qiao , Zhen Wang , Defu Lian , Yutong Lu

From medicines to materials, small organic molecules are indispensable for human well-being. To plan their syntheses, chemists employ a problem solving technique called retrosynthesis. In retrosynthesis, target molecules are recursively…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-17 Marwin H. S. Segler , Mike Preuss , Mark P. Waller

Retrosynthetic planning aims to devise a complete multi-step synthetic route from starting materials to a target molecule. Current strategies use a decoupled approach of single-step retrosynthesis models and search algorithms, taking only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Songtao Liu , Zhengkai Tu , Minkai Xu , Zuobai Zhang , Lu Lin , Rex Ying , Jian Tang , Peilin Zhao , Dinghao Wu

Retrosynthesis analysis is pivotal yet challenging in drug discovery and organic chemistry. Despite the proliferation of computational tools over the past decade, AI-based systems often fall short in generalizing across diverse reaction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Yifei Yang , Runhan Shi , Zuchao Li , Shu Jiang , Bao-Liang Lu , Yang Yang , Hai Zhao

Retrosynthesis poses a key challenge in biopharmaceuticals, aiding chemists in finding appropriate reactant molecules for given product molecules. With reactants and products represented as 2D graphs, retrosynthesis constitutes a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Yiming Wang , Yuxuan Song , Yiqun Wang , Minkai Xu , Rui Wang , Hao Zhou , Wei-Ying Ma

In drug discovery, knowledge of the graph structure of chemical compounds is essential. Many thousands of scientific articles in chemistry and pharmaceutical sciences have investigated chemical compounds, but in cases the details of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-16 Martijn Oldenhof , Adam Arany , Yves Moreau , Jaak Simm

The problem of accelerating drug discovery relies heavily on automatic tools to optimize precursor molecules to afford them with better biochemical properties. Our work in this paper substantially extends prior state-of-the-art on…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2019-10-22 Wengong Jin , Regina Barzilay , Tommi Jaakkola

This work presents the use of graph learning for the prediction of multi-step experimental outcomes for applications across experimental research, including material science, chemistry, and biology. The viability of geometric learning for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Amanda A. Volk , Robert W. Epps , Jeffrey G. Ethier , Luke A. Baldwin

Graphs are fundamental data structures which concisely capture the relational structure in many important real-world domains, such as knowledge graphs, physical and social interactions, language, and chemistry. Here we introduce a powerful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-12 Yujia Li , Oriol Vinyals , Chris Dyer , Razvan Pascanu , Peter Battaglia

Retrosynthetic planning is a critical task in organic chemistry which identifies a series of reactions that can lead to the synthesis of a target product. The vast number of possible chemical transformations makes the size of the search…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Binghong Chen , Chengtao Li , Hanjun Dai , Le Song

Reaction and retrosynthesis prediction are fundamental tasks in computational chemistry that have recently garnered attention from both the machine learning and drug discovery communities. Various deep learning approaches have been proposed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Ziqiao Meng , Peilin Zhao , Yang Yu , Irwin King

Graph diffusion models, dominant in graph generative modeling, remain underexplored for graph-to-graph translation tasks like chemical reaction prediction. We demonstrate that standard permutation equivariant denoisers face fundamental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Najwa Laabid , Severi Rissanen , Markus Heinonen , Arno Solin , Vikas Garg

Graph transformation systems have the potential to be realistic models of chemistry, provided a comprehensive collection of reaction rules can be extracted from the body of chemical knowledge. A first key step for rule learning is the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-04-22 Christoph Flamm , Daniel Merkle , Peter F. Stadler , Uffe Thorsen

The pretraining-finetuning paradigm has powered major advances in domains such as natural language processing and computer vision, with representative examples including masked language modeling and next-token prediction. In molecular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Shaoheng Yan , Zian Li , Muhan Zhang

In order to define the process of restrosynthesis of a new organic molecule, it is often necessary to be able to draw inspiration from that of a molecule similar to the target one of which we know such a process. To compute such a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-07-13 Stéfi Nouleho , Dominique Barth , Franck Quessette , Marc-Antoine Weisser , Dimitri Watel , Olivier David

Synthesis prediction is a key accelerator for the rapid design of advanced materials. However, determining synthesis variables such as the choice of precursor materials is challenging for inorganic materials because the sequence of…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-06-13 Tanjin He , Haoyan Huo , Christopher J. Bartel , Zheren Wang , Kevin Cruse , Gerbrand Ceder

We address a fundamental problem in chemistry known as chemical reaction product prediction. Our main insight is that the input reactant and reagent molecules can be jointly represented as a graph, and the process of generating product…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Kien Do , Truyen Tran , Svetha Venkatesh

Prediction of molecular properties, including physico-chemical properties, is a challenging task in chemistry. Herein we present a new state-of-the-art multitask prediction method based on existing graph neural network models. We have used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Fabio Capela , Vincent Nouchi , Ruud Van Deursen , Igor V. Tetko , Guillaume Godin

We present an attention-based Transformer model for automatic retrosynthesis route planning. Our approach starts from reactants prediction of single-step organic reactions for given products, followed by Monte Carlo tree search-based…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2019-06-07 Kangjie Lin , Youjun Xu , Jianfeng Pei , Luhua Lai

Retrosynthesis is a technique to plan the chemical synthesis of organic molecules, for example drugs, agro- and fine chemicals. In retrosynthesis, a search tree is built by analysing molecules recursively and dissecting them into simpler…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-02-02 Marwin Segler , Mike Preuß , Mark P. Waller