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The Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol is widely adopted for in-vehicle communication but lacks inherent security mechanisms, making it vulnerable to cyberattacks. This paper introduces KD-GAT, an intrusion detection framework that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Robert Frenken , Sidra Ghayour Bhatti , Hanqin Zhang , Qadeer Ahmed

Within vehicles, the Controller Area Network (CAN) allows efficient communication between the electronic control units (ECUs) responsible for controlling the various subsystems. The CAN protocol was not designed to include much support for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Carson Labrado , Himanshu Thapliyal , Saraju P. Mohanty

Recent research has highlighted the vulnerability of in-vehicle network protocols such as controller area networks (CAN) and proposed machine learning-based intrusion detection systems (IDSs) as an effective mitigation technique. However,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-22 Shashwat Khandelwal , Shreejith Shanker

A Controller Area Network (CAN) bus in the vehicles is an efficient standard bus enabling communication between all Electronic Control Units (ECU). However, CAN bus is not enough to protect itself because of lack of security features. To…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-18 Eunbi Seo , Hyun Min Song , Huy Kang Kim

In recent years, the security of automotive Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) is facing urgent threats due to the widespread use of legacy in-vehicle communication systems. As a representative legacy bus system, the Controller Area Network…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-12-11 Xuhang Ying , Giuseppe Bernieri , Mauro Conti , Linda Bushnell , Radha Poovendran

Sensors monitored by centralized system, that may be used for controlling and monitoring industrial parameters (Temp, Pressure, Speed, Torque) by using CAN interface. In this paper we presents a comprehensive overview of controller area…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-04-29 Yeshwant Deodhe , Swapnil Jain , Ravindra Gimonkar

Data generated by cars is growing at an unprecedented scale. As cars gradually become part of the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, several stakeholders discover the value of in-vehicle network logs containing the measurements of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-22 Mina Remeli , Szilvia Lestyan , Gergely Acs , Gergely Biczok

The development of intrusion detection systems (IDS) for the in-vehicle Controller Area Network (CAN) bus is one of the main efforts being taken to secure the in-vehicle network against various cyberattacks, which have the potential to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Shaila Sharmin , Hafizah Mansor , Andi Fitriah Abdul Kadir , Normaziah A. Aziz

The network of services, including delivery, farming, and environmental monitoring, has experienced exponential expansion in the past decade with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Yet, UAVs are not robust enough against cyberattacks,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Reek Majumder , Gurcan Comert , David Werth , Adrian Gale , Mashrur Chowdhury , M Sabbir Salek

Vehicles become more vulnerable to remote attackers in modern days due to their increasing connectivity and range of functionality. Such increased attack vectors enable adversaries to access a vehicle Electronic Control Unit (ECU). As of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-25 Marcel Kneib , Oleg Schell , Christopher Huth

Dozens of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) can be found on modern vehicles for safety and driving assistance. These ECUs also introduce new security vulnerabilities as recent attacks have been reported by plugging the in-vehicle system or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-08-14 Qian Wang , Zhaojun Lu , Gang Qu

Due to the rising number of sophisticated customer functionalities, electronic control units (ECUs) are increasingly integrated into modern automotive systems. However, the high connectivity between the in-vehicle and the external networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Natasha Alkhatib , Maria Mushtaq , Hadi Ghauch , Jean-Luc Danger

With the development of autonomous vehicle technology, the controller area network (CAN) bus has become the de facto standard for an in-vehicle communication system because of its simplicity and efficiency. However, without any encryption…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Thien-Nu Hoang , Daehee Kim

Intrusion detection for Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol requires modern methods in order to compete with other electrical architectures. Fingerprint Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) provide a promising new approach to solve this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-24 Kunaal Verma , Mansi Girdhar , Azeem Hafeez , Selim S. Awad

Ethernet is being considered as the backbone network protocol for next-generation automotive control networks. In such networks, Controller Area Network (CAN) messages related to automotive control can be sent from a CAN network to other…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2014-09-04 Keigo Kawahara , Yutaka Matsubara , Hiroaki Takada

Modern vehicles remain vulnerable to unauthorized use and theft despite traditional security measures including immobilizers and keyless entry systems. Criminals exploit vulnerabilities in Controller Area Network (CAN) bus systems to bypass…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Brooke Elizabeth Kidmose , Andreas Brasen Kidmose , Cliff C. Zou

Data for controlling a vehicle is exchanged among Electronic Control Units (ECUs) via in-vehicle network protocols such as the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol. Since these protocols are designed for an isolated network, the protocols…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-26 Sang Uk Sagong , Radha Poovendran , Linda Bushnell

Recent advancements in 3D-printing/additive manufacturing has brought forth a new interest in the use of Controller Area Network (CAN) for multi-module, plug-and-play bus support for their embedded systems. CAN systems provide a variety of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Tyler Cultice , Himanshu Thapliyal

The Controller Area Network (CAN) bus serves as a standard protocol for facilitating communication among various electronic control units (ECUs) within contemporary vehicles. However, it has been demonstrated that the CAN bus is susceptible…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Maloy Kumar Devnath

As connectivity between and within vehicles increases, so does concern about safety and security. Various automotive serial protocols are used inside vehicles such as Controller Area Network (CAN), Local Interconnect Network (LIN) and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Emad Aliwa , Omer Rana , Charith Perera , Peter Burnap