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In this paper, we address the Multi-Instance-Learning (MIL) problem when bag labels are naturally represented as ordinal variables (Multi--Instance--Ordinal Regression). Moreover, we consider the case where bags are temporal sequences of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-09-07 Adria Ruiz , Ognjen Rudovic , Xavier Binefa , Maja Pantic

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely used in weakly supervised whole slide image (WSI) classification. Typical MIL methods include a feature embedding part, which embeds the instances into features via a pre-trained feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Peijie Qiu , Pan Xiao , Wenhui Zhu , Yalin Wang , Aristeidis Sotiras

In many real-world tasks, particularly those involving data objects with complicated semantics such as images and texts, one object can be represented by multiple instances and simultaneously be associated with multiple labels. Such tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Sheng-Jun Huang , Zhi-Hua Zhou

In deep multi-instance learning, the number of applicable instances depends on the data set. In histopathology images, deep learning multi-instance learners usually assume there are hundreds to thousands instances in a bag. However, when…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Koki Matsuishi , Tsuyoshi Okita

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has garnered widespread attention in the field of Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification as it replaces pixel-level manual annotation with diagnostic reports as labels, significantly reducing labor costs.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-08 Tianhang Nan , Hao Quan , Yong Ding , Xingyu Li , Kai Yang , Xiaoyu Cui

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is the preferred approach for whole slide image classification. However, most MIL approaches do not exploit the interdependencies of tiles extracted from a whole slide image, which could provide valuable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-26 Marvin Lerousseau , Maria Vakalopoulou , Eric Deutsch , Nikos Paragios

The quantity and the quality of the training labels are central problems in high-resolution land-cover mapping with machine-learning-based solutions. In this context, weak labels can be gathered in large quantities by leveraging on existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Gianmarco Perantoni , Lorenzo Bruzzone

Weakly supervised object detection (WSOD) is a challenging task that requires simultaneously learn object classifiers and estimate object locations under the supervision of image category labels. A major line of WSOD methods roots in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Shiwei Zhang , Wei Ke , Lin Yang

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) present a challenging computer vision task due to their gigapixel size and presence of numerous artefacts. Yet they are a valuable resource for patient diagnosis and stratification, often representing the gold…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Amaya Gallagher-Syed , Luca Rossi , Felice Rivellese , Costantino Pitzalis , Myles Lewis , Michael Barnes , Gregory Slabaugh

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is often used in medical imaging to classify high-resolution 2D images by processing patches or classify 3D volumes by processing slices. However, conventional MIL approaches treat instances separately,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Ethan Harvey , Dennis Johan Loevlie , Michael C. Hughes

In this work, we introduce a new information-theoretic perspective on Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) for parameter estimation with i.i.d. data, and show that MIL can outperform single-instance learners in low-signal regimes. Prior work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Atakan Azakli , Bernd Stelzer

Recently, pathological diagnosis has achieved superior performance by combining deep learning models with the multiple instance learning (MIL) framework using whole slide images (WSIs). However, the giga-pixeled nature of WSIs poses a great…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Zijie Fang , Yifeng Wang , Ye Zhang , Zhi Wang , Jian Zhang , Xiangyang Ji , Yongbing Zhang

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) methods have become increasingly popular for classifying giga-pixel sized Whole-Slide Images (WSIs) in digital pathology. Most MIL methods operate at a single WSI magnification, by processing all the tissue…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Kevin Thandiackal , Boqi Chen , Pushpak Pati , Guillaume Jaume , Drew F. K. Williamson , Maria Gabrani , Orcun Goksel

Multi-Instance Multi-Label learning (MIML) models complex objects (bags), each of which is associated with a set of interrelated labels and composed with a set of instances. Current MIML solutions still focus on a single-type of objects and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Yuanlin Yang , Guoxian Yu , Jun Wang , Lei Liu , Carlotta Domeniconi , Maozu Guo

Multi-instance multi-label (MIML) learning has many interesting applications in computer visions, including multi-object recognition and automatic image tagging. In these applications, additional information such as bounding-boxes, image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-03-01 Hao Yang , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Jianfei Cai , Yew Soon Ong

Pathological image analysis is an important process for detecting abnormalities such as cancer from cell images. However, since the image size is generally very large, the cost of providing detailed annotations is high, which makes it…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Shusuke Takahama , Yusuke Kurose , Yusuke Mukuta , Hiroyuki Abe , Akihiko Yoshizawa , Tetsuo Ushiku , Masashi Fukayama , Masanobu Kitagawa , Masaru Kitsuregawa , Tatsuya Harada

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) recently provides an appealing way to alleviate the drifting problem in visual tracking. Following the tracking-by-detection framework, an online MILBoost approach is developed that sequentially chooses weak…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Jinwu Liu , Yao Lu , Tianfei Zhou

Histopathology image analysis can be considered as a Multiple instance learning (MIL) problem, where the whole slide histopathology image (WSI) is regarded as a bag of instances (i.e, patches) and the task is to predict a single class label…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-28 Meng Li , Lin Wu , Arnold Wiliem , Kun Zhao , Teng Zhang , Brian C. Lovell

Many AI platforms, including traffic monitoring systems, use Federated Learning (FL) for decentralized sensor data processing for learning-based applications while preserving privacy and ensuring secured information transfer. On the other…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Ashish Bastola , Hao Wang , Xiwen Chen , Abolfazl Razi

Multiple Instance Learning is a form of weakly supervised learning in which the data is arranged in sets of instances called bags with one label assigned per bag. The bag level class prediction is derived from the multiple instances through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-25 Jacob Gildenblat , Ido Ben-Shaul , Zvi Lapp , Eldad Klaiman