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Many important questions about a model cannot be answered just by explaining how much each feature contributes to its output. To answer a broader set of questions, we generalize a popular, mathematically well-grounded explanation technique,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Dillon Bowen , Lyle Ungar

SHAP is a popular method for measuring variable importance in machine learning models. In this paper, we study the algorithm used to estimate SHAP scores and outline its connection to the functional ANOVA decomposition. We use this…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-11-14 Andrew Herren , P. Richard Hahn

An important technique to explore a black-box machine learning (ML) model is called SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanation). SHAP values decompose predictions into contributions of the features in a fair way. We will show that for a boosted…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-01 Michael Mayer

Among explainability techniques, SHAP stands out as one of the most popular, but often overlooks the causal structure of the problem. In response, do-SHAP employs interventional queries, but its reliance on estimands hinders its practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Álvaro Parafita , Tomas Garriga , Axel Brando , Francisco J. Cazorla

One of the most popular methods of the machine learning prediction explanation is the SHapley Additive exPlanations method (SHAP). An imprecise SHAP as a modification of the original SHAP is proposed for cases when the class probability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Lev V. Utkin , Andrei V. Konstantinov , Kirill A. Vishniakov

In this growing age of data and technology, large black-box models are becoming the norm due to their ability to handle vast amounts of data and learn incredibly complex data patterns. The deficiency of these methods, however, is their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Justin Lin , Julia Fukuyama

In the past years, many new explanation methods have been proposed to achieve interpretability of machine learning predictions. However, the utility of these methods in practical applications has not been researched extensively. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-09 Hilde J. P. Weerts , Werner van Ipenburg , Mykola Pechenizkiy

Understanding why a model makes a certain prediction can be as crucial as the prediction's accuracy in many applications. However, the highest accuracy for large modern datasets is often achieved by complex models that even experts struggle…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-28 Scott Lundberg , Su-In Lee

Transparency of Machine Learning models used for decision support in various industries becomes essential for ensuring their ethical use. To that end, feature attribution methods such as SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) are widely used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Anna Bogdanova , Akira Imakura , Tetsuya Sakurai , Tomoya Fujii , Teppei Sakamoto , Hiroyuki Abe

Explaining machine learning (ML) predictions has become crucial as ML models are increasingly deployed in high-stakes domains such as healthcare. While SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) is widely used for model interpretability, it fails…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Woon Yee Ng , Li Rong Wang , Siyuan Liu , Xiuyi Fan

Local feature attribution methods are increasingly used to explain complex machine learning models. However, current methods are limited because they are extremely expensive to compute or are not capable of explaining a distributed series…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Hugh Chen , Scott M. Lundberg , Su-In Lee

SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) has become a popular method to attribute the prediction of a machine learning model on an input to its features. One main challenge of SHAP is the computation time. An exact computation of Shapley values…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-09-06 Linwei Hu , Ke Wang

Explainable AI (XAI) and interpretable machine learning methods help to build trust in model predictions and derived insights, yet also present a perverse incentive for analysts to manipulate XAI metrics to support pre-specified…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Rahul Sharma , Sergey Redyuk , Sumantrak Mukherjee , Andrea Šipka , Eyke Hüllermeier , Sebastian Vollmer , David Selby

eXplainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods have emerged to convert the black box of machine learning (ML) models into a more digestible form. These methods help to communicate how the model works with the aim of making ML models more…

The SHAP (short for Shapley additive explanation) framework has become an essential tool for attributing importance to variables in predictive tasks. In model-agnostic settings, SHAP uses the concept of Shapley values from cooperative game…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-12 Justin Whitehouse , Ayush Sawarni , Vasilis Syrgkanis

Existing feature attribution methods like SHAP often suffer from global dependence, failing to capture true local model behavior. This paper introduces VARSHAP, a novel model-agnostic local feature attribution method which uses the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Mateusz Gajewski , Mikołaj Morzy , Adam Karczmarz , Piotr Sankowski

Predictive black-box models can exhibit high accuracy but their opaque nature hinders their uptake in safety-critical deployment environments. Explanation methods (XAI) can provide confidence for decision-making through increased…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-27 Lucile Ter-Minassian , Oscar Clivio , Karla Diaz-Ordaz , Robin J. Evans , Chris Holmes

A very popular model-agnostic technique for explaining predictive models is the SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP). The two most popular versions of SHAP are a conditional expectation version and an unconditional expectation version (the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Ronald Richman , Mario V. Wüthrich

When using machine learning techniques in decision-making processes, the interpretability of the models is important. In the present paper, we adopted the Shapley additive explanation (SHAP), which is based on fair profit allocation among…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Yasunobu Nohara , Koutarou Matsumoto , Hidehisa Soejima , Naoki Nakashima

In high-stakes domains, such as healthcare and industry, the explainability of AI-based decision-making has become crucial. Without insight into model reasoning, the reliability of these models cannot be ensured. Applications often rely on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Annemarie Jutte , Faizan Ahmed , Jeroen Linssen , Maurice van Keulen
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