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Clarification is increasingly becoming a vital factor in various topics of information retrieval, such as conversational search and modern Web search engines. Prompting the user for clarification in a search session can be very beneficial…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Ivan Sekulić , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Fabio Crestani

Search and recommender systems that take the initiative to ask clarifying questions to better understand users' information needs are receiving increasing attention from the research community. However, to the best of our knowledge, there…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Jie Zou , Evangelos Kanoulas , Yiqun Liu

Clarifying questions are an integral component of modern information retrieval systems, directly impacting user satisfaction and overall system performance. Poorly formulated questions can lead to user frustration and confusion, negatively…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Hossein A. Rahmani , Xi Wang , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Mohammadmehdi Naghiaei , Emine Yilmaz

We deal with the scenario of conversational search, where user queries are under-specified or ambiguous. This calls for a mixed-initiative setup. User-asks (queries) and system-answers, as well as system-asks (clarification questions) and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Yosi Mass , Doron Cohen , Asaf Yehudai , David Konopnicki

When users initiate search sessions, their queries are often unclear or might lack of context; this resulting in inefficient document ranking. Multiple approaches have been proposed by the Information Retrieval community to add context and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Pierre Erbacher , Ludovic Denoyer , Laure Soulier

Clarification resolution plays an important role in various information retrieval tasks such as interactive question answering and conversational search. In such context, the user often formulates their information needs as short and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Hadrien Lautraite , Nada Naji , Louis Marceau , Marc Queudot , Eric Charton

To improve online search results, clarification questions can be used to elucidate the information need of the user. This research aims to predict the user engagement with the clarification pane as an indicator of relevance based on the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Tom Lotze , Stefan Klut , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Evangelos Kanoulas

The increasing reliance on digital information necessitates advancements in conversational search systems, particularly in terms of information transparency. While prior research in conversational information-seeking has concentrated on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Weronika Łajewska , Damiano Spina , Johanne Trippas , Krisztian Balog

Search clarification has recently attracted much attention due to its applications in search engines. It has also been recognized as a major component in conversational information seeking systems. Despite its importance, the research…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-19 Hamed Zamani , Gord Lueck , Everest Chen , Rodolfo Quispe , Flint Luu , Nick Craswell

Users often formulate their search queries with immature language without well-developed keywords and complete structures. Such queries fail to express their true information needs and raise ambiguity as fragmental language often yield…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Zhenduo Wang , Qingyao Ai

Intelligent systems need to be able to recover from mistakes, resolve uncertainty, and adapt to novel concepts not seen during training. Dialog interaction can enable this by the use of clarifications for correction and resolving…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Aishwarya Padmakumar , Raymond J. Mooney

Conversational search systems increasingly employ clarifying questions to refine user queries and improve the search experience. Previous studies have demonstrated the usefulness of text-based clarifying questions in enhancing both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Clemencia Siro , Zahra Abbasiantaeb , Yifei Yuan , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Maarten de Rijke

The effectiveness of clarification question models in engaging users within search systems is currently constrained, casting doubt on their overall usefulness. To improve the performance of these models, it is crucial to employ assessment…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Leila Tavakoli , Johanne R. Trippas , Hamed Zamani , Falk Scholer , Mark Sanderson

While the body of research directed towards constructing and generating clarifying questions in mixed-initiative conversational search systems is vast, research aimed at processing and comprehending users' answers to such questions is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Ivan Sekulić , Weronika Łajewska , Krisztian Balog , Fabio Crestani

Clarification questions are an essential dialogue tool to signal misunderstanding, ambiguities, and under-specification in language use. While humans are able to resolve uncertainty by asking questions since childhood, modern dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Alberto Testoni , Raquel Fernández

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made it possible for recommendation systems to interact with users in open-ended conversational interfaces. In order to personalize LLM responses, it is crucial to elicit user preferences, especially when…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Ali Montazeralghaem , Guy Tennenholtz , Craig Boutilier , Ofer Meshi

Users often make ambiguous requests that require clarification. We study the problem of asking clarification questions in an information retrieval setting, where systems often face ambiguous search queries and it is challenging to turn the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Yizhou Chi , Jessy Lin , Kevin Lin , Dan Klein

Context: Recent research indicates that Web queries written by software developers are not very successful in retrieving relevant results, performing measurably worse compared to general purpose Web queries. Most approaches up to this point…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-27 Mia Mohammad Imran , Kostadin Damevski

Coping with ambiguous questions has been a perennial problem in real-world dialogue systems. Although clarification by asking questions is a common form of human interaction, it is hard to define appropriate questions to elicit more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-18 Xiang Hu , Zujie Wen , Yafang Wang , Xiaolong Li , Gerard de Melo

Recent research on conversational search highlights the importance of mixed-initiative in conversations. To enable mixed-initiative, the system should be able to ask clarifying questions to the user. However, the ability of the underlying…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-08-12 Antonios Minas Krasakis , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Nikos Voskarides , Evangelos Kanoulas
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