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Energy consumption dictates the cost and environmental impact of deploying Large Language Models. This paper investigates the impact of on-chip SRAM size and operating frequency on the energy efficiency and performance of LLM inference,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Hannah Atmer , Yuan Yao , Thiemo Voigt , Stefanos Kaxiras

As the performance gap between memory and processors has increased, then it leads to the poor performance. Efficient virtual memory can overcome this problem. And the efficiency of virtual memory depends on the replacement policy used for…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2014-02-05 S. R. Bhalgama , C. C. Kavar , S. S. Parmar

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being deployed on mobile devices, but the limited DRAM capacity constrains the deployable model size. This paper introduces ActiveFlow, the first LLM inference framework that can achieve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Fucheng Jia , Zewen Wu , Shiqi Jiang , Huiqiang Jiang , Qianxi Zhang , Yuqing Yang , Yunxin Liu , Ju Ren , Deyu Zhang , Ting Cao

The demand for efficient machine learning (ML) accelerators is growing rapidly, driving the development of novel computing concepts such as resistive random access memory (RRAM)-based tiled computing-in-memory (CIM) architectures. CIM…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Rebecca Pelke , Jose Cubero-Cascante , Nils Bosbach , Felix Staudigl , Rainer Leupers , Jan Moritz Joseph

The advent of Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) alongside the emergence of Open RAN (ORAN) architectures presents unprecedented challenges and opportunities in Radio Resource Management (RRM) for next-generation communication…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-29 Rana Muhammad Sohaib , Syed Tariq Shah , Oluwakayode Onireti , Muhammad Ali Imran

Serverless Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a cost-effective solution for deploying AI services by enabling a 'pay-as-you-go' pricing model through GPU resource sharing. However, cold-start latency, especially the model loading…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Wenbin Zhu , Zhaoyan Shen , Zili Shao , Hongjun Dai , Feng Chen

An effective way to improve energy efficiency is to throttle hardware resources to meet a certain performance target, specified as a QoS constraint, associated with all applications running on a multicore system. Prior art has proposed…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Mehrzad Nejat , Madhavan Manivannan , Miquel Pericas , Per Stenstrom

With Dynamic Resource Management (DRM) the resources assigned to a job can be changed dynamically during its execution. From the system's perspective, DRM opens a new level of flexibility in resource allocation and job scheduling and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Dominik Huber , Martin Schreiber , Martin Schulz , Howard Pritchard , Daniel Holmes

DRAM-based main memories have read operations that destroy the read data, and as a result, must buffer large amounts of data on each array access to keep chip costs low. Unfortunately, system-level trends such as increased memory contention…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-12-18 Justin Meza , Jing Li , Onur Mutlu

This work studies the behavior of state-of-the-art memory controller designs when executing scale-out workloads. It considers memory scheduling techniques, memory page management policies, the number of memory channels, and the address…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2016-12-01 Mostafa Mahmoud , Andreas Moshovos

Computing-in-Memory (CiM) architectures aim to reduce costly data transfers by performing arithmetic and logic operations in memory and hence relieve the pressure due to the memory wall. However, determining whether a given workload can…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-01-16 Di Gao , Dayane Reis , Xiaobo Sharon Hu , Cheng Zhuo

This paper addresses a novel five-transistor (5T) CMOS SRAM design with high performance and reliability in 65nm CMOS, and illustrates how it reduces the dynamic power consumption in comparison with the conventional and low-power 6T SRAM…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2013-02-20 Hooman Jarollahi , Richard F. Hobson

In this paper, we propose a novel memory-centric scheme based on CMOS SRAM for acceleration of data intensive applications. Our proposal aims at dynamically increasing the on-chip memory storage capacity of SRAM arrays on-demand. The…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Haripriya Sheshadri , Shwetha Vijayakumar , Ajey Jacob , Akhilesh Jaiswal

DRAM is the dominant main memory technology used in modern computing systems. Computing systems implement a memory controller that interfaces with DRAM via DRAM commands. DRAM executes the given commands using internal components (e.g.,…

The ever-increasing computation complexity of fast-growing Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) has requested new computing paradigms to overcome the memory wall in conventional Von Neumann computing architectures. The emerging Computing-In-Memory…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Kaining Zhou , Yangshuo He , Rui Xiao , Kejie Huang

Across applications, DRAM is a significant contributor to the overall system power, with the DRAM access energy per bit up to three orders of magnitude higher compared to on-chip memory accesses. To improve the power efficiency, DRAM…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-03-22 Radhika Jagtap , Matthias Jung , Wendy Elsasser , Christian Weis , Andreas Hansson , Norbert Wehn

Recent increase in energy prices has led researchers to find better ways for capacity provisioning in data centers to reduce energy wastage due to the variation in workload. This paper explores the opportunity for cost saving utilizing the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Muhammad Abdullah Adnan , Ryo Sugihara , Yan Ma , Rajesh Gupta

Opportunistic Networks (OppNets) employ the Store-Carry-Forward (SCF) paradigm to maintain communication during intermittent connectivity. However, routing performance suffers due to dynamic topology changes, unpredictable contact patterns,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Meisam Sharifi Sani , Saeid Iranmanesh , Raad Raad , Faisel Tubbal

Compute in-memory (CIM) is a promising technique that minimizes data transport, the primary performance bottleneck and energy cost of most data intensive applications. This has found wide-spread adoption in accelerating neural networks for…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Brian Crafton , Samuel Spetalnick , Gauthaman Murali , Tushar Krishna , Sung-Kyu Lim , Arijit Raychowdhury

The recent rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized the deep learning field. However, the desire to deploy LLMs on edge devices introduces energy efficiency and latency challenges. Recurrent LLM (R-LLM) architectures have…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Ivan Knunyants , Maryam Tavakol , Manolis Sifalakis , Yingfu Xu , Amirreza Yousefzadeh , Guangzhi Tang