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This paper summarizes the idea of Tiered-Latency DRAM (TL-DRAM), which was published in HPCA 2013, and examines the work's significance and future potential. The capacity and cost-per-bit of DRAM have historically scaled to satisfy the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-05-09 Donghyuk Lee , Yoongu Kim , Vivek Seshadri , Jamie Liu , Lavanya Subramanian , Onur Mutlu

In modern systems, DRAM-based main memory is significantly slower than the processor. Consequently, processors spend a long time waiting to access data from main memory, making the long main memory access latency one of the most critical…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2016-11-01 Donghyuk Lee

Over the past two decades, the storage capacity and access bandwidth of main memory have improved tremendously, by 128x and 20x, respectively. These improvements are mainly due to the continuous technology scaling of DRAM (dynamic…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2017-12-25 Kevin K. Chang

The emergence of Phase-Change Memory (PCM) provides opportunities for directly connecting persistent memory to main memory bus. While PCM achieves high read throughput and low standby power, the critical concerns are its poor write…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Yinjin Fu

Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) is the de-facto choice for main memory devices due to its cost-effectiveness. It offers a larger capacity and higher bandwidth compared to SRAM but is slower than the latter. With each passing generation,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Kaustav Goswami , Hemanta Kumar Mondal , Shirshendu Das , Dip Sankar Banerjee

Predictable execution time upon accessing shared memories in multi-core real-time systems is a stringent requirement. A plethora of existing works focus on the analysis of Double Data Rate Dynamic Random Access Memories (DDR DRAMs), or…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-10-17 Mohamed Hassan

Much research has shown that applications have variable runtime cache requirements. In the context of the increasingly popular Spin-Transfer Torque RAM (STT-RAM) cache, the retention time, which defines how long the cache can retain a cache…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2019-05-20 Kyle Kuan , Tosiron Adegbija

Spin-Transfer Torque RAM (STT-RAM) is widely considered a promising alternative to SRAM in the memory hierarchy due to STT-RAM's non-volatility, low leakage power, high density, and fast read speed. The STT-RAM's small feature size is…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2019-08-12 Kyle Kuan , Tosiron Adegbija

Both SRAM and DRAM have stopped scaling: there is no technical roadmap to reduce their cost (per byte/GB). As a result, memory now dominates system cost. This paper argues for a paradigm shift from today's simple memory hierarchy toward…

The speed of modern digital systems is severely limited by memory latency (the ``Memory Wall'' problem). Data exchange between Logic and Memory is also responsible for a large part of the system energy consumption. Logic--In--Memory (LiM)…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-04-14 Fabrizio Ottati , Giovanna Turvani , Marco Vacca , Guido Masera

This paper summarizes the idea of Tiered-Latency DRAM, which was published in HPCA 2013. The key goal of TL-DRAM is to provide low DRAM latency at low cost, a critical problem in modern memory systems. To this end, TL-DRAM introduces…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2016-01-27 Donghyuk Lee , Yoongu Kim , Vivek Seshadri , Jamie Liu , Lavanya Subramanian , Onur Mutlu

This article summarizes key results of our work on experimental characterization and analysis of latency variation and latency-reliability trade-offs in modern DRAM chips, which was published in SIGMETRICS 2016, and examines the work's…

This paper summarizes the idea of Adaptive-Latency DRAM (AL-DRAM), which was published in HPCA 2015, and examines the work's significance and future potential. AL-DRAM is a mechanism that optimizes DRAM latency based on the DRAM module and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-05-09 Donghyuk Lee , Yoongu Kim , Gennady Pekhimenko , Samira Khan , Vivek Seshadri , Kevin Chang , Onur Mutlu

DRAM-based memory is a critical factor that creates a bottleneck on the system performance since the processor speed largely outperforms the DRAM latency. In this thesis, we develop a low-cost mechanism, called ChargeCache, which enables…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2016-09-26 Hasan Hassan

This paper summarizes the idea of Adaptive-Latency DRAM (AL-DRAM), which was published in HPCA 2015. The key goal of AL-DRAM is to exploit the extra margin that is built into the DRAM timing parameters to reduce DRAM latency. The key…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2016-03-29 Donghyuk Lee , Yoongu Kim , Gennady Pekhimenko , Samira Khan , Vivek Seshadri , Kevin Chang , Onur Mutlu

It has become increasingly difficult to understand the complex interaction between modern applications and main memory, composed of DRAM chips. Manufacturers are now selling and proposing many different types of DRAM, with each DRAM type…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2019-10-21 Saugata Ghose , Tianshi Li , Nastaran Hajinazar , Damla Senol Cali , Onur Mutlu

Last level caches (LLCs) occupy a large chip-area and there size is expected to grow further to offset the limitations of memory bandwidth and speed. Due to high leakage consumption of SRAM device, caches designed with SRAM consume large…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2014-08-12 Sparsh Mittal

Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) is the prevalent memory technology used to build main memory systems of almost all computers. A fundamental shortcoming of DRAM is the need to refresh memory cells to keep stored data intact. DRAM refresh…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Onur Mutlu

Memory-centric computing aims to enable computation capability in and near all places where data is generated and stored. As such, it can greatly reduce the large negative performance and energy impact of data access and data movement, by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Onur Mutlu , Ataberk Olgun , Geraldo F. Oliveira , Ismail Emir Yuksel

In this paper, we present a novel cache design based on Multi-Level Cell Spin-Transfer Torque RAM (MLC STTRAM) that can dynamically adapt the set capacity and associativity to use efficiently the full potential of MLC STTRAM. We exploit the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Amin Jadidi , Mohammad Arjomand , Mahmut T. Kandemir , Chita R. Das
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