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The nature of sub-Neptunes remains unknown due to degeneracies in interior structure solutions. However, a statistical set of small planets with measured masses and radii can be used to test the planet formation theory prediction of large…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-18 Remo Burn , Komal Bali , Caroline Dorn , Rafael Luque , Simon L. Grimm

In order to test planetary accretion and differentiation scenarios, we integrated a multistage core-mantle differentiation model with N-body accretion simulations. Impacts between embryos and planetesimals result in magma ocean formation…

Two planets with orbital period ratio approximately 10:1 have been discovered around the star HD 83443. The inner and more massive planet, HD 83443b, has the smallest semi-major axis among all currently known exoplanets. Unlike other short…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 Yanqin Wu , Peter Goldreich

We provide an 'effective theory' of tidal dissipation in extrasolar planet systems by empirically calibrating a model for the equilibrium tide. The model is valid to high order in eccentricity and parameterised by two constants of bulk…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-20 Brad Hansen

Layered semi-convection is a possible candidate to explain Saturn's luminosity excess and the abnormally large radius of some hot Jupiters. In giant planet interiors, it could lead to the creation of density staircases, which are convective…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-09-20 Quentin André , Adrian J. Barker , Stéphane Mathis

Many exoplanets have been discovered with radii of 1-4 Earth radii, between that of Earth and Neptune. A number of these are known to have densities consistent with solid compositions, while others are "sub-Neptunes" likely to have…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-18 Alex R. Howe , Adam S. Burrows , Wesley Verne

Modeling the interior of exoplanets is essential to go further than the conclusions provided by mean density measurements. In addition to the still limited precision on the planets' fundamental parameters, models are limited by the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-12-06 B. Brugger , O. Mousis , M. Deleuil , F. Deschamps

Although current sensitivity limits are such that true Solar System analogs remain challenging to detect, numerous planetary systems have been discovered that are very different from our own Solar System. The majority of systems harbor a…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-02-03 Niraj K. Inamdar , Hilke E. Schlichting

Mini-Neptunes seem to be common planets. In this work we investigate the possible formation histories and predicted occurrence rates of mini-Neptunes assuming the planets form beyond the iceline. We consider pebble and planetesimal…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-10-25 Julia Venturini , Ravit Helled

This paper deals with the application of the creep tide theory (Ferraz-Mello, CeMDA 116, 109, 2013) to the rotation of close-in satellites, Mercury, close-in exoplanets and their host stars. The solutions show two extreme cases: close-in…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-07-31 Sylvio Ferraz-Mello

Sub-Neptune planets, with sizes and masses between those of Earth and Neptune, dominate the exoplanet population. Sub-Neptunes are expected to be the most diverse family of the exoplanet population, potentially including rocky gas dwarfs,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-24 Nikku Madhusudhan , Måns Holmberg , Savvas Constantinou , Gregory J. Cooke

NASA's Kepler mission revealed that $\sim 30\%$ of Solar-type stars harbor planets with sizes between that of Earth and Neptune on nearly circular and co-planar orbits with periods less than 100 days. Such short-period compact systems are…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-03-05 Sarah Millholland , Gregory Laughlin

We compute grids of radiative-convective model atmospheres for Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune over a range of intrinsic fluxes and surface gravities. The atmosphere grids serve as an upper boundary condition for models of the thermal…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-20 J. J. Fortney , M. Ikoma , N. Nettelmann , T. Guillot , M. S. Marley

Super-Earths and sub-Neptunes are commonly thought to have accreted hydrogen/helium envelopes, consisting of a few to ten percent of their total mass, from the primordial gas disk. Subsequently, hydrodynamic escape driven by core-powered…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-04-07 William Misener , Hilke E. Schlichting

The atmospheric composition of exoplanets with masses between 2 and 10 M$_\oplus$ is poorly understood. In that regard, the sub-Neptune K2-18b, which is subject to Earth-like stellar irradiation, offers a valuable opportunity for the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-02-03 Doriann Blain , Benjamin Charnay , Bruno Bézard

The planets of the Solar System divide neatly between those with atmospheres and those without when arranged by insolation ($I$) and escape velocity ($v_{\mathrm{esc}}$). The dividing line goes as $I \propto v_{\mathrm{esc}}^4$. Exoplanets…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-07-17 Kevin J. Zahnle , David C. Catling

Core Accretion (CA), the de-facto accepted theory of planet formation, requires formation of massive solid cores as a prerequisite for assembly of gas giant planets. The observed metallicity correlations of exoplanets are puzzling in the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-02-27 Sergei Nayakshin

Exoplanet mass and radius inferences fundamentally rely on host star mass and radius inferences. Despite the importance of host star mass, radius, and elemental abundance inferences for the derivation of exoplanet internal structure…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-25 Alejandra Ross , Henrique Reggiani , Kevin C. Schlaufman , Mykhaylo Plotnykov , Diana Valencia

As part of our ongoing initiative on accurately calculating the accretion rate of planetesimals in the core-accretion model, we demonstrated in a recent article that when the calculations include the gravitational force of the Sun (the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-12-21 Nader Haghighipour , Morris Podolak , Esther Podolak

A systematic, population-level discrepancy exists between the densities of exoplanets whose masses have been measured with transit timing variations (TTVs) versus those measured with radial velocities (RVs). Since the TTV planets are…