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In the quantum mechanical Hilbert space formalism, the probabilistic interpretation is a later ad-hoc add-on, more or less enforced by the experimental evidence, but not motivated by the mathematical model itself. A model involving a clear…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2010-12-21 Gerd Niestegge

The Pusey-Barrett-Rudolph theorem (PBR) claims to rule out the possibility of a purely statistical interpretation of the quantum state under an assumption of how to represent independent operations in any hidden variable model. We show that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-06 Joseph Emerson , Dmitry Serbin , Chris Sutherland , Victor Veitch

This study discusses the quantum behavior of a particle, which is controlled by fluctuations in the physical space-time (ST) variables, rather than provides a novel interpretation of quantum theory. The fluctuations, i.e., inhomogeneities…

General Physics · Physics 2012-06-15 Valery Egorushkin

In the Contextuality-by-Default theory random variables representing measurement outcomes are labeled contextually, i.e., not only by what they measure but also under what conditions (in what contexts) the measurements are made, including…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-11 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov

In the present paper I show how it is possible to derive the Hilbert space formulation of Quantum Mechanics from a comprehensive definition of "physical experiment" and assuming "experimental accessibility and simplicity" as specified by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Giacomo Mauro D'Ariano

An overview of the conceptuality interpretation of quantum mechanics is presented, along with an explanation of how it sheds light on key quantum and relativistic phenomena. In particular, we show how the interpretation clarifies…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-17 Diederik Aerts , Massimiliano Sassoli de Bianchi , Sandro Sozzo

Binary quantum information can be fault tolerantly encoded in states defined in infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces. Such states define a computational basis, and permit a perfect equivalence between continuous and discrete universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-13 A. Ketterer , A. Keller , S. P. Walborn , T. Coudreau , P. Milman

In static classical statistical systems the problem of information transport from a boundary to the bulk finds a simple description in terms of wave functions or density matrices. While the transfer matrix formalism is a type of Heisenberg…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-09 C. Wetterich

The Copenhagen Interpretation describes individual systems, using the same Hilbert space formalism as does the statistical ensemble interpretation (SQM). This leads to the well-known paradoxes surrounding the Measurement Problem. We extend…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 James Ax , Simon Kochen

We propose an exercise in which one attempts to deduce the formalism of quantum mechanics solely from phenomenological observations. The only assumed inputs are the multi-time probability distributions estimated from the results of…

The Wigner's friend thought experiment was intended to illustrate the difficulty one has in describing an agent as a quantum system when that agent performs a measurement. While it does pose a challenge to the orthodox interpretation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-12 David Schmid , Yìlè Yīng , Matthew Leifer

We clarify the role of the Born rule in the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics by deriving it from Bohr's doctrine of classical concepts, translated into the following mathematical statement: a quantum system described by a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-05-01 N. P. Landsman

This document is meant as a pedagogical introduction to the modern language used to talk about quantum theory, especially in the field of quantum information. It assumes that the reader has taken a first traditional course on quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-27 Cédric Bény , Florian Richter

An out of the box intellectual path exploring the foundations of quantum mechanics is discussed in some detail, in order to clarify why a possibly different way to look at the relevant fundamental questions can be identified and can support…

General Physics · Physics 2012-11-06 Alberto Ottolenghi

Quantum theory predicts probabilities as well as relative phases between different alternatives of the system. A unified description of both probabilities and phases comes through a generalisation of the notion of a density matrix for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Charis Anastopoulos

Dirac talked about q-numbers versus c-numbers. Quantum observables are q-number variables that generally do not commute among themselves. He was proposing to have a generalized form of numbers as elements of a noncommutative algebra. That…

General Physics · Physics 2024-05-20 Otto C. W. Kong

One of the reasons for the heated debates around the interpretations of quantum theory is a simple confusion between the notions of formalism versus interpretation. In this note, we make a clear distinction between them and show that there…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-17 Veronika Baumann , Stefan Wolf

We put forward a possible new interpretation and explanatory framework for quantum theory. The basic hypothesis underlying this new framework is that quantum particles are conceptual entities. More concretely, we propose that quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-11-10 Diederik Aerts

It is shown that in two-state quantum theory, a generic quantum state can be described by a non-computable real number. In terms of this, the criterion for measurement outcome is simply and deterministically defined. This demonstration is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 T. N. Palmer

Uncertainty principle is one of the cornerstones of quantum theory. In the literature, there are two types of uncertainty relations, the operator form concerning the variances of physical observables and the entropy form related to entropic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-18 Jun-Li Li , Cong-Feng Qiao