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Tensor contraction (TC) is an important computational kernel widely used in numerous applications. It is a multi-dimensional generalization of matrix multiplication (GEMM). While Strassen's algorithm for GEMM is well studied in theory and…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2017-04-12 Jianyu Huang , Devin A. Matthews , Robert A. van de Geijn

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have proven to be extremely accurate for image recognition, even outperforming human recognition capability. When deployed on battery-powered mobile devices, efficient computer architectures are required…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Mehdi Ahmadi , Shervin Vakili , J. M. Pierre Langlois

Both efficient neural networks and hardware accelerators are being explored to speed up DNN inference on edge devices. For example, MobileNet uses depthwise separable convolution to achieve much lower latency, while systolic arrays provide…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-05-31 Surya Selvam , Vinod Ganesan , Pratyush Kumar

Computer vision performances have been significantly improved in recent years by Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN). Currently, applications using CNN algorithms are deployed mainly on general purpose hardwares, such as CPUs, GPUs or FPGAs.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-05-04 Baohua Sun , Lin Yang , Patrick Dong , Wenhan Zhang , Jason Dong , Charles Young

We present a novel method of CNN inference for pixel processor array (PPA) vision sensors, designed to take advantage of their massive parallelism and analog compute capabilities. PPA sensors consist of an array of processing elements…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Laurie Bose , Jianing Chen , Stephen J. Carey , Piotr Dudek , Walterio Mayol-Cuevas

Systolic arrays are a promising computing concept which is in particular inline with CMOS technology trends and linear algebra operations found in the processing of artificial neural networks. The recent success of such deep learning…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Kevin Stehle , Günther Schindler , Holger Fröning

Deep neural network (DNN) inference relies increasingly on specialized hardware for high computational efficiency. This work introduces a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based dynamically configurable accelerator featuring systolic…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Anastasios Petropoulos , Theodore Antonakopoulos

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) have shown their good performances in many computer vision tasks. However, the high computational complexity of CNN involves a huge amount of data movements between the computational processor core…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2017-03-07 Shihao Wang , Dajiang Zhou , Xushen Han , Takeshi Yoshimura

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved great success in performing cognitive tasks. However, execution of CNNs requires a large amount of computing resources and generates heavy memory traffic, which imposes a severe challenge…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Jianlei Yang , Wenzhi Fu , Xingzhou Cheng , Xucheng Ye , Pengcheng Dai , Weisheng Zhao

The combination of Winograd's algorithm and systolic array architecture has demonstrated the capability of improving DSP efficiency in accelerating convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on FPGA platforms. However, handling arbitrary…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Xinheng Liu , Yao Chen , Cong Hao , Ashutosh Dhar , Deming Chen

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have gained significant interest for applications such as citation network analysis and drug discovery due to their ability to apply machine learning techniques on graph-structured data. GNNs typically employ a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Siddhartha Raman Sundara Raman , Lizy John , Jaydeep P. Kulkarni

Edge inference for large language models (LLM) offers secure, low-latency, and cost-effective inference solutions. We emphasize that an edge accelerator should achieve high area efficiency and minimize external memory access (EMA) during…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Chun-Ting Chen , HanGyeol Mun , Jian Meng , Mohamed S. Abdelfattah , Jae-sun Seo

The systolic accelerator is one of the premier architectural choices for DNN acceleration. However, the conventional systolic architecture suffers from low PE utilization due to the mismatch between the fixed array and diverse DNN…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Meng Han , Liang Wang , Limin Xiao , Tianhao Cai , Zeyu Wang , Xiangrong Xu , Chenhao Zhang

During the past two decades, epileptic seizure detection and prediction algorithms have evolved rapidly. However, despite significant performance improvements, their hardware implementation using conventional technologies, such as…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Chenqi Li , Corey Lammie , Xuening Dong , Amirali Amirsoleimani , Mostafa Rahimi Azghadi , Roman Genov

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have emerged as a fundamental technology for machine learning. High performance and extreme energy efficiency are critical for deployments of CNNs in a wide range of situations, especially mobile…

Herein, a bit-wise Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in-memory accelerator is implemented using Spin-Orbit Torque Magnetic Random Access Memory (SOT-MRAM) computational sub-arrays. It utilizes a novel AND-Accumulation method capable of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-18 Arman Roohi , Shaahin Angizi , Deliang Fan , Ronald F DeMara

Systolic arrays are a prominent choice for deep neural network (DNN) accelerators because they offer parallelism and efficient data reuse. Improving the reliability of DNN accelerators is crucial as hardware faults can degrade the accuracy…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Wei-Kai Liu

There is a growing interest in custom spatial accelerators for machine learning applications. These accelerators employ a spatial array of processing elements (PEs) interacting via custom buffer hierarchies and networks-on-chip. The…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Gordon E. Moon , Hyoukjun Kwon , Geonhwa Jeong , Prasanth Chatarasi , Sivasankaran Rajamanickam , Tushar Krishna

Sequence modeling is crucial for AI to understand temporal data and detect complex time-dependent patterns. While recurrent neural networks (RNNs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and Transformers have advanced in capturing long-range…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Shiva Raja , Cansu Demirkiran , Aakash Sarkar , Milos Popovic , Ajay Joshi

The evolution of IoT based smart applications demand porting of artificial intelligence algorithms to the edge computing devices. CNNs form a large part of these AI algorithms. Systolic array based CNN acceleration is being widely advocated…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-11 Hazoor Ahmad , Muhammad Tanvir , Muhammad Abdullah Hanif , Muhammad Usama Javed , Rehan Hafiz , Muhammad Shafique