Related papers: Diagnostics Examples from lepton-linacs and FELs
A brief discussion is given of measurement within the context of a theory of "beables", e.g. theories of de Broglie, Bohm, Bell, Vink, and also "modal" theories. It is shown that even in an ideal von Neumann measurement of a beable, the…
We introduce a mathematical framework for quantifying fine-tuning in general physical settings. In particular, we identify two distinct perspectives on fine-tuning, namely, a local and a global perspective --- and develop corresponding…
These lectures aim to describe instruments and methods used for measuring beam parameters in particle accelerators. Emphasis will be given to new detection and analysis techniques in each field of accelerator instrumentation. A clear…
Large Language Models (LLMs) offer natural language explanations as an alternative to feature attribution methods for model interpretability. However, despite their plausibility, they may not reflect the model's true reasoning faithfully.…
Measure and integral are two closely related, but distinct objects of study. Nonetheless, they are both real-valued lattice valuations: order preserving real-valued functions $\phi$ on a lattice $L$ which are modular, i.e.,…
In many countries and at European level, research policy increasingly focuses on 'excellent' researchers. The concept of excellence however is complex and multidimensional. For individual scholars it involves talents for innovative…
The aim of this paper is to study certain properties of the Kullback-Leibler distance between two positive integer numbers or between two ideals. We present some results related the entropy of a positive integer number and the divergence of…
We discuss different approaches for studying the influence of disorder in the three-dimensional Ising model. From the theoretical point of view, renormalisation group calculations provide quite accurate results. Experiments carried out on…
We translate Akin's notion of {\it good} (and related concepts) from measures on Cantor sets to traces on dimension groups, and particularly for invariant measures of minimal homeomorphisms (and their corresponding simple dimension groups),…
There are a number of measures of direct and indirect effects in the literature. They are suitable in some cases and unsuitable in others. We describe a case where the existing measures are unsuitable and propose new suitable ones. We also…
Instructors in introductory physics courses often use labs and demonstrations to reinforce that the physics equations introduced in lectures and textbooks describe what actually happens in the real world. The surface features and…
High-quality data is a key aspect of modern machine learning. However, labels generated by humans suffer from issues like label noise and class ambiguities. We raise the question of whether hard labels are sufficient to represent the…
Recent measurements have revealed a number of intriguing deviations from the Standard Model predictions in $B$ meson decays, in particular in observables testing lepton flavour universality. We review their experimental status and…
By weakly measuring the polarization of a photon between two strong polarization measurements, we experimentally investigate the correlation between the appearance of anomalous values in quantum weak measurements, and the violation of…
This paper investigates interval estimation for a measurand that is known to be positive. Both the Neyman and Bayesian procedures are considered and the difference between the two, not always perceived, is discussed in detail. A solution is…
Benchmarks underpin how progress in large language models (LLMs) is measured and trusted. Yet our analyses reveal that apparent convergence in benchmark accuracy can conceal deep epistemic divergence. Using two major reasoning benchmarks -…
Topic models extract representative word sets - called topics - from word counts in documents without requiring any semantic annotations. Topics are not guaranteed to be well interpretable, therefore, coherence measures have been proposed…
How cells reliably infer information about their environment is a fundamentally important question. While sensing and signaling generally start with cell-surface receptors, the degree of accuracy with which a cell can measure external…
In these notes, based on lectures given as part of the Les Houches summer school on Quantum Optics and Nanophotonics in August, 2013, I have tried to give a brief survey of some important approaches and modern tendencies in quantum…
We report an inconsistency found in probability theory (also referred to as measure-theoretic probability). For probability measures induced by real-valued random variables, we deduce an "equality" such that one side of the "equality" is a…