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We address the problem of characterizing the aggregate flexibility in populations of electric vehicles (EVs) with uncertain charging requirements. Extending upon prior results that provide exact characterizations of aggregate flexibility in…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Karan Mukhi , Chengrui Qu , Pengcheng You , Alessandro Abate

The energy transition towards renewable based power provision requires improved monitoring and control of distributed energy resources (DERs), installed predominantly at the distribution grid level. Due to the gradual phase out of thermal…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-03 Neelotpal Majumdar , Marcel Sarstedt , Lutz Hofmann

For market-based procurement of low voltage (LV) flexibility, DSOs identify the amount of flexibility needed for resolving probable distribution network (DN) voltage and thermal congestion. A framework is required to avoid over or under…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-22 Md Umar Hashmi , Arpan Koirala , Hakan Ergun , Dirk Van Hertem

The power grid is undergoing significant restructuring driven by the adoption of wind/solar power and the incorporation of new flexible technologies that can shift load in space and time (e.g., data centers, battery storage, and modular…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-21 Weiqi Zhang , Victor M. Zavala

The rapid expansion of data center infrastructure is reshaping power system dynamics by significantly increasing electricity demand while also offering potential for fast and controllable flexibility. To ensure reliable operation under such…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-02 Pengyu Ren , Wei Sun , Yifan Wang , Gareth Harrison

Maximizing robustness and minimizing cost are common objectives in the design of infrastructure networks. However, most infrastructure networks evolve and operate in a highly decentralized fashion, which may significantly impact the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2008-05-29 Dong-Hee Kim , Adilson E. Motter

Flexibility in electric power consumption can be leveraged by Demand Response (DR) programs. The goal of this paper is to systematically capture the inherent aggregate flexibility of a population of appliances. We do so by clustering…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Mahnoosh Alizadeh , Anna Scaglione , Andrea Goldsmith , George Kesidis

A distribution system can flexibly adjust its substation-level power output by aggregating its local distributed energy resources (DERs). Due to DER and network constraints, characterizing the exact feasible power output region is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-10 Qi Li , Jianzhe Liu , Bai Cui , Wenzhan Song , Jin Ye

The large-scale integration of renewable generation directly affects the reliability of power grids. We investigate the problem of power balancing in a general renewable-integrated power grid with storage and flexible loads. We consider a…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-06-06 Sun Sun , Min Dong , Ben Liang

The increasing penetration of flexible loads, such as electric vehicles and AI data-centers necessitates new methodologies for quantifying electrical load hosting capacity under operational constraints and flexible connection agreements. We…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-23 Gobinda Chandra Sarker , Nathan Dahlin

Controllable building loads have the potential to increase the flexibility of power systems. A key step in developing effective and attainable load control policies is modeling the set of feasible building load profiles. In this paper, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-02-20 Jesus E. Contreras-Ocaña , Miguel A. Ortega-Vazquez , Daniel Kirschen , Baosen Zhang

Frequency control rebalances supply and demand while maintaining the network state within operational margins. It is implemented using fast ramping reserves that are expensive and wasteful, and which are expected to grow with the increasing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-11-19 Enrique Mallada , Changhong Zhao , Steven H. Low

This paper presents a method for predictive aggregation of the available flexibility at the residential unit level into a flexibility chart that represents the admissible active and reactive powers, along with the associated flexibility…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-12 Clément Moureau , Thomas Stegen , Mevludin Glavic , Bertrand Cornélusse

In this paper we present a framework to efficiently characterize the available operational flexibility in a multi-area power system. We focus on the available reserves and the tie-line flows. The proposed approach is an alternative to the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-11-15 Matthias Bucher , Spyros Chatzivasileiadis , Göran Andersson

Data centers are facilities housing computing infrastructure for processing and storing digital information. The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence is driving unprecedented growth in data center capacity, with global electricity…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-30 Haoxiang Wan , Linhan Fang , Xingpeng Li

Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) have the potential to be a valuable resource for the Balancing Authority (BA) of the future. Examples of TCLs include household appliances such as air conditioners, water heaters, and refrigerators.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-29 Austin R. Coffman , Ana Bušić , Prabir Barooah

The flexible loads in power systems, such as interruptible and transferable loads, are critical flexibility resources for mitigating power imbalances. Despite their potential, accurate modeling of these loads is a challenging work and has…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-06 Mingji Chen , Shuai Lu , Wei Gu , Zhaoyang Dong , Yijun Xu , Jiayi Ding

Coordinated aggregation of a large population of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) presents a great potential to provide various ancillary services to the grid. One of the key challenges of integrating TCLs into system level…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-04-04 Lin Zhao , Wei Zhang , He Hao , Karan Kalsi

Renewable energy has attracted significant attention over the last decade, conceivably due to its environmental benefits and the recent drops in the development and deployment cost of the technology. The increase in renewable generation,…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-10-25 Alireza Majzoobi , Amin Khodaei , Shay Bahramirad , Math H J Bollen

A collection of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) -- such as air conditioners and water heaters -- can vary their power consumption within limits to help the balancing authority of a power grid maintain demand supply balance. Doing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-13 Austin Coffman , Ana Bušić , Prabir Barooah