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Reinforcement learning algorithms describe how an agent can learn an optimal action policy in a sequential decision process, through repeated experience. In a given environment, the agent policy provides him some running and terminal…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2020-03-24 Arthur Charpentier , Romuald Elie , Carl Remlinger

Value-function-based methods have long played an important role in reinforcement learning. However, finding the best next action given a value function of arbitrary complexity is nontrivial when the action space is too large for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Arthur Delarue , Ross Anderson , Christian Tjandraatmadja

The search for interpretable reinforcement learning policies is of high academic and industrial interest. Especially for industrial systems, domain experts are more likely to deploy autonomously learned controllers if they are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-05 Daniel Hein , Steffen Udluft , Thomas A. Runkler

Recently, incorporating natural language instructions into reinforcement learning (RL) to learn semantically meaningful representations and foster generalization has caught many concerns. However, the semantical information in language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Yihan Li , Jinsheng Ren , Tianrun Xu , Tianren Zhang , Haichuan Gao , Feng Chen

For the challenging semantic image segmentation task the most efficient models have traditionally combined the structured modelling capabilities of Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) with the feature extraction power of CNNs. In more recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-05-16 Marvin T. T. Teichmann , Roberto Cipolla

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful tool for neural combinatorial optimization, enabling models to learn heuristics that solve complex problems without requiring expert knowledge. Despite significant progress, existing RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Mingjun Pan , Guanquan Lin , You-Wei Luo , Bin Zhu , Zhien Dai , Lijun Sun , Chun Yuan

We present an end-to-end framework for solving the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) using reinforcement learning. In this approach, we train a single model that finds near-optimal solutions for problem instances sampled from a given…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-23 Mohammadreza Nazari , Afshin Oroojlooy , Lawrence V. Snyder , Martin Takáč

Reinforcement learning policies are often represented by neural networks, but programmatic policies are preferred in some cases because they are more interpretable, amenable to formal verification, or generalize better. While efficient…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Rasmus Larsen , Mikkel Nørgaard Schmidt

This paper considers the problem of learning safe policies in the context of reinforcement learning (RL). In particular, we consider the notion of probabilistic safety. This is, we aim to design policies that maintain the state of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Weiqin Chen , Dharmashankar Subramanian , Santiago Paternain

The ability to plan actions on multiple levels of abstraction enables intelligent agents to solve complex tasks effectively. However, learning the models for both low and high-level planning from demonstrations has proven challenging,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Kalle Kujanpää , Joni Pajarinen , Alexander Ilin

Reinforcement learning and classical planning are typically seen as two distinct problems, with differing formulations necessitating different solutions. Yet, when humans are given a task, regardless of the way it is specified, they can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Gabriel Stella

Designing rewards for Reinforcement Learning (RL) is challenging because it needs to convey the desired task, be efficient to optimize, and be easy to compute. The latter is particularly problematic when applying RL to robotics, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-28 Yiming Ding , Carlos Florensa , Mariano Phielipp , Pieter Abbeel

A key challenge in satisficing planning is to use multiple heuristics within one heuristic search. An aggregation of multiple heuristic estimates, for example by taking the maximum, has the disadvantage that bad estimates of a single…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-13 David Speck , André Biedenkapp , Frank Hutter , Robert Mattmüller , Marius Lindauer

While reinforcement learning methods have delivered remarkable results in a number of settings, generalization, i.e., the ability to produce policies that generalize in a reliable and systematic way, has remained a challenge. The problem of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Simon Ståhlberg , Blai Bonet , Hector Geffner

We study the problem of learning differentiable functions expressed as programs in a domain-specific language. Such programmatic models can offer benefits such as composability and interpretability; however, learning them requires…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Ameesh Shah , Eric Zhan , Jennifer J. Sun , Abhinav Verma , Yisong Yue , Swarat Chaudhuri

In this paper, we evaluate the use of Reinforcement Learning (RL) to solve a classic combinatorial optimization problem: the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). We formalize this problem in the RL framework and compare two of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-17 Leo Ardon

We study the problem of representation learning in goal-conditioned hierarchical reinforcement learning. In such hierarchical structures, a higher-level controller solves tasks by iteratively communicating goals which a lower-level policy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-10 Ofir Nachum , Shixiang Gu , Honglak Lee , Sergey Levine

In Markov games, playing against non-stationary opponents with learning ability is still challenging for reinforcement learning (RL) agents, because the opponents can evolve their policies concurrently. This increases the complexity of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-27 Hao Chen , Chang Wang , Jian Huang , Jianxing Gong

Supervised approaches for text summarisation suffer from the problem of mismatch between the target labels/scores of individual sentences and the evaluation score of the final summary. Reinforcement learning can solve this problem by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-11-15 Diego Molla

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms struggle with learning optimal policies for tasks where reward feedback is sparse and depends on a complex sequence of events in the environment. Probabilistic reward machines (PRMs) are finite-state…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jan Corazza , Hadi Partovi Aria , Daniel Neider , Zhe Xu