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Most people are multilingual, and most multilinguals code-switch, yet the characteristics of code-switched language are not fully understood. We developed a chatbot capable of completing a Map Task with human participants using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Dean Geckt , Melinda Fricke , Shuly Wintner

Recent developments in reasoning capabilities have enabled large language models to solve increasingly complex mathematical, symbolic, and logical tasks. Interestingly, while reasoning models are often trained to generate monolingual text,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Eleanor M. Lin , David Jurgens

Recent advances in machine learning have significantly improved the understanding of source code data and achieved good performance on a number of downstream tasks. Open source repositories like GitHub enable this process with rich…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Ming Zhu , Aneesh Jain , Karthik Suresh , Roshan Ravindran , Sindhu Tipirneni , Chandan K. Reddy

Code-switching entails mixing multiple languages. It is an increasingly occurring phenomenon in social media texts. Usually, code-mixed texts are written in a single script, even though the languages involved have different scripts.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Niraj Pahari , Kazutaka Shimada

In this work, we present a simple and elegant approach to language modeling for bilingual code-switched text. Since code-switching is a blend of two or more different languages, a standard bilingual language model can be improved upon by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-06 Saurabh Garg , Tanmay Parekh , Preethi Jyothi

Current benchmarks for evaluating neural code models focus on only a small subset of programming languages, excluding many popular languages such as Go or Rust. To ameliorate this issue, we present the BabelCode framework for…

Code-Switching, a common phenomenon in written text and conversation, has been studied over decades by the natural language processing (NLP) research community. Initially, code-switching is intensively explored by leveraging linguistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Genta Indra Winata , Alham Fikri Aji , Zheng-Xin Yong , Thamar Solorio

With the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs), there has been a significant improvement in the programming capabilities of models, attracting growing attention from researchers. Evaluating the programming capabilities of LLMs is…

Existing efforts on text synthesis for code-switching mostly require training on code-switched texts in the target language pairs, limiting the deployment of the models to cases lacking code-switched data. In this work, we study the problem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-10 I-Hung Hsu , Avik Ray , Shubham Garg , Nanyun Peng , Jing Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on assisting humans in programming and facilitating programming automation. However, existing benchmarks for evaluating the code understanding and generation capacities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Weixiang Yan , Haitian Liu , Yunkun Wang , Yunzhe Li , Qian Chen , Wen Wang , Tingyu Lin , Weishan Zhao , Li Zhu , Hari Sundaram , Shuiguang Deng

Natural language processing (NLP) techniques have become mainstream in the recent decade. Most of these advances are attributed to the processing of a single language. More recently, with the extensive growth of social media platforms focus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-12 Ramchandra Joshi , Raviraj Joshi

Accurate alignment between languages is fundamental for improving cross-lingual pre-trained language models (XLMs). Motivated by the natural phenomenon of code-switching (CS) in multilingual speakers, CS has been used as an effective data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Chenxi Whitehouse , Fenia Christopoulou , Ignacio Iacobacci

Code-switching (CSW) is the act of alternating between two or more languages within a single discourse. This phenomenon is widespread in multilingual communities, and increasingly prevalent in online content, where users naturally mix…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Amr Mohamed , Yang Zhang , Michalis Vazirgiannis , Guokan Shang

We study model merging as a practical alternative to conventional adaptation strategies for code-mixed NLP. Starting from a multilingual base model, we: (i) perform continued pre-training (CPT) on unlabeled code-mixed text to obtain an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Prashant Kodali , Vaishnavi Shivkumar , Swarang Joshi , Monojit Choudhary , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru , Manish Shrivastava

Code-Switching (CS) is a common linguistic phenomenon in multilingual communities that consists of switching between languages while speaking. This paper presents our investigations on end-to-end speech recognition for Mandarin-English CS…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Chia-Yu Li , Ngoc Thang Vu

Code-switching poses a number of challenges and opportunities for multilingual automatic speech recognition. In this paper, we focus on the question of robust and fair evaluation metrics. To that end, we develop a reference benchmark data…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-30 Injy Hamed , Amir Hussein , Oumnia Chellah , Shammur Chowdhury , Hamdy Mubarak , Sunayana Sitaram , Nizar Habash , Ahmed Ali

Code switching (CS) is a very common phenomenon in written and spoken communication but one that is handled poorly by many natural language processing applications. Looking to the application of building CS corpora, we explore CS language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Laurie Burchell , Alexandra Birch , Robert P. Thompson , Kenneth Heafield

Cross-lingual word embeddings (CLEs) enable multilingual modeling of meaning and facilitate cross-lingual transfer of NLP models. Despite their ubiquitous usage in downstream tasks, recent increasingly popular projection-based CLE models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Goran Glavas , Robert Litschko , Sebastian Ruder , Ivan Vulic

Previous multilingual benchmarks focus primarily on simple understanding tasks, but for large language models(LLMs), we emphasize proficiency in instruction following, reasoning, long context understanding, code generation, and so on.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Xu Huang , Wenhao Zhu , Hanxu Hu , Conghui He , Lei Li , Shujian Huang , Fei Yuan

Code-Switching (CS) is referred to the phenomenon of alternately using words and phrases from different languages. While today's neural end-to-end (E2E) models deliver state-of-the-art performances on the task of automatic speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Enes Yavuz Ugan , Christian Huber , Juan Hussain , Alexander Waibel