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Legacy scientific workflows, and the services within them, often present scarce and unstructured (i.e. textual) descriptions. This makes it difficult to find, share and reuse them, thus dramatically reducing their value to the community.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2014-07-02 Beatriz García-Jiménez , Mark D. Wilkinson

Automated text annotation is a compelling use case for generative large language models (LLMs) in social media research. Recent work suggests that LLMs can achieve strong performance on annotation tasks; however, these studies evaluate LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Nicholas Pangakis , Samuel Wolken

Bioinformatics workflows are essential for complex biological data analyses and are often described in scientific articles with source code in public repositories. Extracting detailed workflow information from articles can improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Clémence Sebe , Sarah Cohen-Boulakia , Olivier Ferret , Aurélie Névéol

The application of semantic technologies to content on the web is, in many regards, important and urgent. Search engines, chatbots, intelligent personal assistants and other technologies increasingly rely on content published as semantic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-10-03 Elias Kärle , Umutcan Şimşek , Dieter Fensel

In many research areas, scientific progress is accelerated by multidisciplinary access to image data and their interdisciplinary annotation. However, keeping track of these annotations to ensure a high-quality multi-purpose data set is a…

Despite growing interest in using large language models (LLMs) to automate annotation, their effectiveness in complex, nuanced, and multi-dimensional labelling tasks remains relatively underexplored. This study focuses on annotation for the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Leila Tavakoli , Hamed Zamani

Human evaluation of machine translation is in an arms race with translation model quality: as our models get better, our evaluation methods need to be improved to ensure that quality gains are not lost in evaluation noise. To this end, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Parker Riley , Daniel Deutsch , Mara Finkelstein , Colten DiIanni , Juraj Juraska , Markus Freitag

Machine learning approaches for building task-oriented dialogue systems require large conversational datasets with labels to train on. We are interested in building task-oriented dialogue systems from human-human conversations, which may be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-09 Shachi Paul , Rahul Goel , Dilek Hakkani-Tür

We present a free and open-source tool for creating web-based surveys that include text annotation tasks. Existing tools offer either text annotation or survey functionality but not both. Combining the two input types is particularly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Timo Spinde , Kanishka Sinha , Norman Meuschke , Bela Gipp

Annotations allow users to associate additional information with existing resources. Using proprietary and closed systems on the Web, users are already able to annotate multimedia resources such as images, audio and video. So far, however,…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2011-06-28 Bernhard Haslhofer , Rainer Simon , Robert Sanderson , Herbert van de Sompel

The quality of the dataset is crucial for ensuring optimal performance and reliability of downstream task models. However, datasets often contain noisy data inadvertently included during the construction process. Numerous attempts have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Juhwan Choi , Jungmin Yun , Kyohoon Jin , YoungBin Kim

Annotation is the labeling of data by human effort. Annotation is critical to modern machine learning, and Bloomberg has developed years of experience of annotation at scale. This report captures a wealth of wisdom for applied annotation…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-09-25 Tina Tseng , Amanda Stent , Domenic Maida

Annotating speaker attributes from text is inherently ambiguous, particularly in multilingual settings where demographic and social cues are implicit and culturally variable. We propose a human-large language model (LLM) collaborative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Lingyu Gao , Will Monroe , David Smith , Meghan Jemison , Jackie Lee

Data quality is crucial for training accurate, unbiased, and trustworthy machine learning models as well as for their correct evaluation. Recent works, however, have shown that even popular datasets used to train and evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Jan-Christoph Klie , Richard Eckart de Castilho , Iryna Gurevych

Per-pixel masks of semantic objects are very useful in many applications, which, however, are tedious to be annotated. In this paper, we propose a human-agent collaborative annotation approach that can efficiently generate per-pixel masks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-28 Lishi Zhang , Chenghan Fu , Jia Li

The annotation of textual information is a fundamental activity in Linguistics and Computational Linguistics. This article presents various observations on annotations. It approaches the topic from several angles including Hypertext,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-23 Georg Rehm

Human annotation of natural language facilitates standardized evaluation of natural language processing systems and supports automated feature extraction. This document consists of instructions for annotating the temporal information in…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2016-08-31 Tom O'Hara , Janyce Wiebe , Karen Payne

Many computer scientists use the aggregated answers of online workers to represent ground truth. Prior work has shown that aggregation methods such as majority voting are effective for measuring relatively objective features. For subjective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Jiele Wu , Chau-Wai Wong , Xinyan Zhao , Xianpeng Liu

This study introduces RelCAT (Relation Concept Annotation Toolkit), an interactive tool, library, and workflow designed to classify relations between entities extracted from clinical narratives. Building upon the CogStack MedCAT framework,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Shubham Agarwal , Vlad Dinu , Thomas Searle , Mart Ratas , Anthony Shek , Dan F. Stein , James Teo , Richard Dobson

Advances in AI have introduced several strong models in computational pathology to usher it into the era of multi-modal diagnosis, analysis, and interpretation. However, the current pathology-specific visual language models still lack…