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This article presents the QUASAR system for question answering over unstructured text, structured tables, and knowledge graphs, with unified treatment of all sources. The system adopts a RAG-based architecture, with a pipeline of evidence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Philipp Christmann , Gerhard Weikum

Question-answering (QA) that comes naturally to humans is a critical component in seamless human-computer interaction. It has emerged as one of the most convenient and natural methods to interact with the web and is especially desirable in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Deepak Gupta

Multimodal large language models have demonstrated strong ability in capturing semantic representations for multimodal sentiment analysis. Their capacity to learn stable and generalizable multimodal features is limited, however, by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jiazhang Liang , Jianheng Dai , Miaosen Luo , Menghua Jiang , Sijie Mai

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has demonstrated considerable effectiveness in open-domain question answering. However, when applied to heterogeneous documents, comprising both textual and tabular components, existing RAG approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Xiaohan Yu , Pu Jian , Chong Chen

Machine reading comprehension with unanswerable questions is a challenging task. In this work, we propose a data augmentation technique by automatically generating relevant unanswerable questions according to an answerable question paired…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-17 Haichao Zhu , Li Dong , Furu Wei , Wenhui Wang , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

Automatic question generation (QG) is a challenging problem in natural language understanding. QG systems are typically built assuming access to a large number of training instances where each instance is a question and its corresponding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Vishwajeet Kumar , Nitish Joshi , Arijit Mukherjee , Ganesh Ramakrishnan , Preethi Jyothi

Synthetic data augmentation helps language models learn new knowledge in data-constrained domains. However, naively scaling existing synthetic data methods by training on more synthetic tokens or using stronger generators yields diminishing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Seungju Han , Konwoo Kim , Chanwoo Park , Benjamin Newman , Suhas Kotha , Jaehun Jung , James Zou , Yejin Choi

Textbook question answering (TQA) is a challenging task in artificial intelligence due to the complex nature of context needed to answer complex questions. Although previous research has improved the task, there are still some limitations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Hessa Abdulrahman Alawwad , Areej Alhothali , Usman Naseem , Ali Alkhathlan , Amani Jamal

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a promising paradigm, yet its trustworthiness remains a critical concern. A major vulnerability arises prior to generation: models often fail to balance parametric (internal) and retrieved (external)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Xinbang Dai , Huikang Hu , Yuncheng Hua , Jiaqi Li , Yongrui Chen , Rihui Jin , Nan Hu , Guilin Qi

Question Generation (QG) is an essential component of the automatic intelligent tutoring systems, which aims to generate high-quality questions for facilitating the reading practice and assessments. However, existing QG technologies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-14 Xin Jia , Wenjie Zhou , Xu Sun , Yunfang Wu

Asking good questions is an essential ability for both human and machine intelligence. However, existing neural question generation approaches mainly focus on the short factoid type of answers. In this paper, we propose a neural question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Lidiya Murakhovs'ka , Chien-Sheng Wu , Philippe Laban , Tong Niu , Wenhao Liu , Caiming Xiong

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems leverage Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate accurate and reliable responses that are grounded in retrieved context. However, LLMs often generate inconsistent outputs for semantically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Xujun Peng , Anoop Kumar , Jingyu Wu , Parker Glenn , Daben Liu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enables large language models (LLMs) to access external knowledge sources, but the effectiveness of RAG relies on the coordination between the retriever and the generator. Since these components are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Junlin Wang , Zehao Wu , Shaowei Lu , Yanlan Li , Xinghao Huang

The Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) approach enhances question-answering systems and dialogue generation tasks by integrating information retrieval (IR) technologies with large language models (LLMs). This strategy, which retrieves…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Duolin Sun , Dan Yang , Yue Shen , Yihan Jiao , Zhehao Tan , Jie Feng , Lianzhen Zhong , Jian Wang , Peng Wei , Jinjie Gu

We investigate the difficulty levels of questions in reading comprehension datasets such as SQuAD, and propose a new question generation setting, named Difficulty-controllable Question Generation (DQG). Taking as input a sentence in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-31 Yifan Gao , Lidong Bing , Wang Chen , Michael R. Lyu , Irwin King

This study aims to optimize the existing retrieval-augmented generation model (RAG) by introducing a graph structure to improve the performance of the model in dealing with complex knowledge reasoning tasks. The traditional RAG model has…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Yuxin Dong , Shuo Wang , Hongye Zheng , Jiajing Chen , Zhenhong Zhang , Chihang Wang

The instability in GAN training has been a long-standing problem despite remarkable research efforts. We identify that instability issues stem from difficulties of performing feature matching with mini-batch statistics, due to a fragile…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-16 Yang Zhao , Chunyuan Li , Ping Yu , Jianfeng Gao , Changyou Chen

Existing question answering (QA) datasets fail to train QA systems to perform complex reasoning and provide explanations for answers. We introduce HotpotQA, a new dataset with 113k Wikipedia-based question-answer pairs with four key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Zhilin Yang , Peng Qi , Saizheng Zhang , Yoshua Bengio , William W. Cohen , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Christopher D. Manning

Large Language Models (LLMs), despite extensive pretraining on broad internet corpora, often struggle to adapt effectively to specialized domains. There is growing interest in fine-tuning these models for such domains; however, progress is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Vincent Grari , Ciprian Tomoiaga , Sylvain Lamprier , Tatsunori Hashimoto , Marcin Detyniecki

Incorporating specific knowledge into large language models via retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a widespread technique that fuels many of today's industry AI applications. A fundamental problem is to assess if the context retrieved…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Florian Geissler , Francesco Carella , Laura Fieback , Jakob Spiegelberg