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This paper provides an introduction to Double/Debiased Machine Learning (DML). DML is a general approach to performing inference about a target parameter in the presence of nuisance functions: objects that are needed to identify the target…

Double (debiased) machine learning (DML) has seen widespread use in recent years for learning causal/structural parameters, in part due to its flexibility and adaptability to high-dimensional nuisance functions as well as its ability to…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-12 Abhinandan Dalal , Patrick Blöbaum , Shiva Kasiviswanathan , Aaditya Ramdas

Confounding bias is a key challenge in causal effect estimation from observational data. Double Machine Learning (DML) addresses this issue by estimating treatment and outcome nuisance functions, constructing treatment and outcome…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Guodu Xiang , Kui Yu , Yujie Wang , Richang Hong , Fuyuan Cao , Jiye Liang

In the last decade, machine learning techniques have gained popularity for estimating causal effects. One machine learning approach that can be used for estimating an average treatment effect is Double/debiased machine learning (DML)…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-01-17 Daniele Ballinari , Nora Bearth

Doubly robust estimators are widely used for estimating average treatment effects and other linear summaries of regression functions. While consistency requires only one of two nuisance functions to be estimated consistently, asymptotic…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-01 Lars van der Laan , Alex Luedtke , Marco Carone

Uncovering causal mediation effects is of significant value to practitioners seeking to isolate the direct treatment effect from the potential mediated effect. We propose a double machine learning (DML) algorithm for mediation analysis that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-11 Houssam Zenati , Judith Abécassis , Julie Josse , Bertrand Thirion

In this paper, we introduce and prove asymptotic normality for a new nonparametric estimator of continuous treatment effects. Specifically, we estimate the average dose-response function - the expected value of an outcome of interest at a…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-04-22 Sylvia Klosin

We consider estimating a low-dimensional parameter in an estimating equation involving high-dimensional nuisances that depend on the parameter. A central example is the efficient estimating equation for the (local) quantile treatment effect…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-18 Nathan Kallus , Xiaojie Mao , Masatoshi Uehara

Chernozhukov, Chetverikov, Demirer, Duflo, Hansen, and Newey (2016) provide a generic double/de-biased machine learning (DML) approach for obtaining valid inferential statements about focal parameters, using Neyman-orthogonal scores and…

We propose double/debiased machine learning approaches to infer (at the parametric rate) the parametric component of a logistic partially linear model with the binary response following a conditional logistic model of a low dimensional…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-10-01 Molei Liu , Yi Zhang , Doudou Zhou

We study inference on a low-dimensional functional $\beta$ in the presence of infinite-dimensional nuisance parameters. Classical inferential methods are typically based on Wald intervals, whose large-sample validity rests on asymptotic…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-24 Mengchu Zheng , Matteo Bonvini , Zijian Guo

This paper reviews, applies and extends recently proposed methods based on Double Machine Learning (DML) with a focus on program evaluation under unconfoundedness. DML based methods leverage flexible prediction models to adjust for…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-06-06 Michael C. Knaus

Proximal causal learning is a promising framework for identifying the causal effect under the existence of unmeasured confounders. Within this framework, the doubly robust (DR) estimator was derived and has shown its effectiveness in…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-12 Yong Wu , Yanwei Fu , Shouyan Wang , Xinwei Sun

The estimation of causal effects with observational data continues to be a very active research area. In recent years, researchers have developed new frameworks which use machine learning to relax classical assumptions necessary for the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-01 Jonathan Fuhr , Philipp Berens , Dominik Papies

Recent advances in causal inference have seen the development of methods which make use of the predictive power of machine learning algorithms. In this paper, we develop novel double machine learning (DML) procedures for panel data in which…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-01-03 Paul S. Clarke , Annalivia Polselli

Most modern supervised statistical/machine learning (ML) methods are explicitly designed to solve prediction problems very well. Achieving this goal does not imply that these methods automatically deliver good estimators of causal…

We consider the estimation of treatment effects in settings when multiple treatments are assigned over time and treatments can have a causal effect on future outcomes or the state of the treated unit. We propose an extension of the…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-06-18 Greg Lewis , Vasilis Syrgkanis

The double/debiased machine learning (DML) framework has become a cornerstone of modern causal inference, allowing researchers to utilise flexible machine learning models for the estimation of nuisance functions without introducing…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-06-19 Charles Shaw

Estimating causal effect using machine learning (ML) algorithms can help to relax functional form assumptions if used within appropriate frameworks. However, most of these frameworks assume settings with cross-sectional data, whereas…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-09-04 Jonathan Fuhr , Dominik Papies

We propose a double/debiased machine learning framework to estimate average derivative effects in nonparametric panel models with two-way fixed effects. It extends instrumental variable methods to panel settings, handles continuous…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-19 Peikai Wu , Kuan Sun , Zhiguo Xiao
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