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Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is an indispensable tool for atomic-resolution structural analysis for a wide range of materials. The conventional analysis of STEM images is an extensive hands-on process, which limits…

We present a new analysis method for atomic resolution four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM, in which a diffraction pattern is collected at each point of a raster scan of a focused electron beam across the…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-08-11 Yining Xie , Eoin Moynihan , Marin Alexe , Louis Piper , Ana Sanchez , Richard Beanland

We describe a hybrid pixel array detector (EMPAD - electron microscope pixel array detector) adapted for use in electron microscope applications, especially as a universal detector for scanning transmission electron microscopy. The 128 x…

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is now the primary tool for exploring functional materials on the atomic level. Often, features of interest are highly localized in specific regions in the material, such as ferroelectric…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-08-11 Nicole Creange , Ondrej Dyck , Rama K. Vasudevan , Maxim Ziatdinov , Sergei V. Kalinin

Differential phase contrast (DPC) imaging in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) maps projected electric fields through the phase sensitivity of segmented low-angle detectors. Although typically applied to atomic-resolution…

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has been extensively used for imaging complex materials down to atomic resolution. The most commonly employed STEM modality, annular dark-field imaging, produces easily-interpretable…

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) is a critical tool for imaging the properties of materials and biological specimens at atomic scale, yet our understanding of relevant electron beam damage mechanisms is incomplete. Recent…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-02 Amir Javadi Rad , Amirafshar Moshtaghpour , Dongdong Chen , Angus I. Kirkland

The DEPFET collaboration develops highly granular, ultra-transparent active pixel detectors for high-performance vertex reconstruction at future collider experiments. The characterization of detector prototypes has proven that the key…

Layered materials (LMs) are at the centre of an ever increasing research effort due to their potential use in a variety of applications. The presence of imperfections, such as bi- or multilayer areas, holes, grain boundaries, isotropic and…

Precession of a converged beam during acquisition of a 4D-STEM dataset improves strain, orientation, and phase mapping accuracy by averaging over continuous angles of illumination. Precession experiments usually rely on integrated systems,…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-10-20 Stephanie M. Ribet , Rohan Dhall , Colin Ophus , Karen C. Bustillo

A suite of acquisition applications related to the 4D-STEM technique is presented as a software package written within the Digital Micrograph environment, which is a widely used software platform in worldwide electron microscopy…

Directed Energy Deposition (DED) is a metal additive manufacturing process capable of building and repairing large, complex metal parts from a wide range of alloys. Its flexibility makes it attractive for multiple industrial applications,…

The use of highly sensitive pixelated direct detectors has dramatically improved the performance of high energy instrumentation such as transmission electron microscopy. Here, we describe a recently developed monolithic active pixel sensor…

Dense prediction infers per-pixel values from a single image and is fundamental to 3D perception and robotics. Although real-world scenes exhibit strong structure, existing methods treat it as an independent pixel-wise prediction, often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Seung Hyun Lee , Sangwoo Mo , Stella X. Yu

With increasing interest in high-speed imaging should come an increased interest in the response times of our scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) detectors. Previous works have previously highlighted and contrasted performance…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2023-08-09 Tiarnan Mullarkey , Matthew Geever , Jonathan J. P. Peters , Ian Griffiths , Peter D. Nellist , Lewys Jones

The concept of compressive sensing was recently proposed to significantly reduce the electron dose in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) while still maintaining the main features in the image. Here, an experimental setup based…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2016-03-23 Armand Béché , Bart Goris , Bert Freitag , Jo Verbeeck

Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) provides rich, atomic-scale insights into materials structures. However, extracting specific physical properties - such as polarization directions essential for…

Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) is one of the most rapidly growing modes of electron microscopy imaging. The advent of fast pixelated cameras and the associated data infrastructure have greatly…

Applications · Statistics 2019-08-27 Xin Li , Ondrej Dyck , Stephen Jesse , Andrew R. Lupini , Sergei V. Kalinin , Mark P. Oxley

DEPleted Field Effect Transistor (DEPFET) active pixel detectors combine a first amplification stage with a fully depleted sensor in one single device, resulting in a very good signal-to-noise ratio even for thin sensors. DEPFET pixels are…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2010-10-19 P. Vazquez

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) offers high-resolution images that are used to quantify the nanoscale atomic structure and composition of materials and biological specimens. In many cases, however, the resolution is limited…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-23 Daniel Nicholls , Alex Robinson , Jack Wells , Amirafshar Moshtaghpour , Mounib Bahri , Angus Kirkland , Nigel Browning