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Predictive models are omnipresent in automated and assisted decision making scenarios. But for the most part they are used as black boxes which output a prediction without understanding partially or even completely how different features…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Jaspreet Singh , Avishek Anand

It is a well-known challenge to learn an unbiased ranker with biased feedback. Unbiased learning-to-rank(LTR) algorithms, which are verified to model the relative relevance accurately based on noisy feedback, are appealing candidates and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Yi Ren , Hongyan Tang , Siwen Zhu

Open world classification is a task in natural language processing with key practical relevance and impact. Since the open or {\em unknown} category data only manifests in the inference phase, finding a model with a suitable decision…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Ke Bai , Guoyin Wang , Jiwei Li , Sunghyun Park , Sungjin Lee , Puyang Xu , Ricardo Henao , Lawrence Carin

Task-oriented dialogue systems in industry settings need to have high conversational capability, be easily adaptable to changing situations and conform to business constraints. This paper describes a 3-step procedure to develop a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Lahari Poddar , György Szarvas , Cheng Wang , Jorge Balazs , Pavel Danchenko , Patrick Ernst

Every four years, the PISA test is administered by the OECD to test the knowledge of teenage students worldwide and allow for comparisons of educational systems. However, having to avoid language differences and annotator bias makes the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Pavel Šindelář , Dávid Slivka , Christopher Bouma , Filip Prášil , Ondřej Bojar

Existing open-domain dialogue generation models are usually trained to mimic the gold response in the training set using cross-entropy loss on the vocabulary. However, a good response does not need to resemble the gold response, since there…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Wei-Jen Ko , Avik Ray , Yilin Shen , Hongxia Jin

When provided with sufficient explanatory context, smaller Language Models have been shown to exhibit strong reasoning ability on challenging short-answer question-answering tasks where the questions are unseen in training. We evaluate two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Tim Hartill , Diana Benavides-Prado , Michael Witbrock , Patricia J. Riddle

Large language models~(LLMs) are expected to be helpful, harmless, and honest. In different alignment scenarios, such as safety, confidence, and general preference alignment, binary preference data collection and reward modeling are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Shuai Zhao , Yunqiu Xu , Linchao Zhu , Yi Yang

Answer selection is a task to choose the positive answers from a pool of candidate answers for a given question. In this paper, we propose a novel strategy for answer selection, called hierarchical ranking. We introduce three levels of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Hang Gao , Mengting Hu , Renhong Cheng , Tiegang Gao

Contrastive learning has gained widespread adoption for retrieval tasks due to its minimal requirement for manual annotations. However, popular training frameworks typically learn from binary (positive/negative) relevance, making them…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Tianyu Zhu , Myong Chol Jung , Jesse Clark

Although synthetic data has changed various aspects of information retrieval (IR) pipelines, the main training paradigm remains: contrastive learning with binary relevance labels, where one positive document is compared against several…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Reza Esfandiarpoor , George Zerveas , Ruochen Zhang , Macton Mgonzo , Carsten Eickhoff , Stephen H. Bach

In aligning large language models (LLMs), reward models have played an important role, but are standardly trained as discriminative models and rely only on labeled human preference data. In this paper, we explore methods that train reward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Chenglong Wang , Yang Gan , Yifu Huo , Yongyu Mu , Qiaozhi He , Murun Yang , Bei Li , Tong Xiao , Chunliang Zhang , Tongran Liu , Jingbo Zhu

Ranking is a key aspect of many applications, such as information retrieval, question answering, ad placement and recommender systems. Learning to rank has the goal of estimating a ranking model automatically from training data. In…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2015-02-10 Truyen Tran , Dinh Phung , Svetha Venkatesh

In this work, we propose a novel and easy-to-apply data augmentation strategy, namely Bilateral Generation (BiG), with a contrastive training objective for improving the performance of ranking question answer pairs with existing labeled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Yang Deng , Wenxuan Zhang , Wai Lam

Dialog response ranking is used to rank response candidates by considering their relation to the dialog history. Although researchers have addressed this concept for open-domain dialogs, little attention has been focused on task-oriented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-29 Junki Ohmura , Maxine Eskenazi

A key distinguishing feature of conversational recommender systems over traditional recommender systems is their ability to elicit user preferences using natural language. Currently, the predominant approach to preference elicitation is to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Ivica Kostric , Krisztian Balog , Filip Radlinski

Listwise rerankers based on large language models (LLM) are the zero-shot state-of-the-art. However, current works in this direction all depend on the GPT models, making it a single point of failure in scientific reproducibility. Moreover,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Xinyu Zhang , Sebastian Hofstätter , Patrick Lewis , Raphael Tang , Jimmy Lin

Aligning language models (LMs) based on human-annotated preference data is a crucial step in obtaining practical and performant LM-based systems. However, multilingual human preference data are difficult to obtain at scale, making it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Zhaofeng Wu , Ananth Balashankar , Yoon Kim , Jacob Eisenstein , Ahmad Beirami

Implicit feedback (e.g., clicks, dwell times, etc.) is an abundant source of data in human-interactive systems. While implicit feedback has many advantages (e.g., it is inexpensive to collect, user centric, and timely), its inherent biases…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2016-08-17 Thorsten Joachims , Adith Swaminathan , Tobias Schnabel

Significant progress in reward modeling over recent years has been driven by a paradigm shift from task-specific designs towards generalist reward models. Despite this trend, developing effective reward models remains a fundamental…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Chenglong Wang , Yongyu Mu , Hang Zhou , Yifu Huo , Ziming Zhu , Jiali Zeng , Murun Yang , Bei Li , Xiaoyang Hao , Chunliang Zhang , Fandong Meng , Jingbo Zhu , Tong Xiao