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Physics-inspired computing paradigms, such as Ising machines, are emerging as promising hardware alternatives to traditional von Neumann architectures for tackling computationally intensive combinatorial optimization problems (COPs). While…

Applied Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Sai Li , Yihao Zhang , Albert Lee , Zheng Zhu , Lang Zeng , Peng Wang , Lei Gao , Di Wu , Weisheng Zhao

Ising machines (IM) are physics-inspired alternatives to von Neumann architectures for solving hard optimization tasks. By mapping binary variables to coupled Ising spins, IMs can naturally solve unconstrained combinatorial optimization…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Corentin Delacour

The recent emergence of novel computational devices, such as adiabatic quantum computers, CMOS annealers, and optical parametric oscillators, present new opportunities for hybrid-optimization algorithms that are hardware accelerated by…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-06-20 Carleton Coffrin , Harsha Nagarajan , Russell Bent

The growth of artificial intelligence and IoT has created a significant computational load for solving non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP)-hard problems, which are difficult to solve using conventional computers. The Ising computer,…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Jia Si , Shuhan Yang , Yunuo Cen , Jiaer Chen , Zhaoyang Yao , Dong-Jun Kim , Kaiming Cai , Jerald Yoo , Xuanyao Fong , Hyunsoo Yang

A coherent Ising machine (CIM) is a network of optical parametric oscillators (OPOs), in which the "strongest" collective mode of oscillation at well above threshold corresponds to an optimum solution of a given Ising problem. When a pump…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-28 Y. Yamamoto , T. Leleu , S. Ganguli , H. Mabuchi

Hard combinatorial optimization problems, often mapped to Ising models, promise potential solutions with quantum advantage but are constrained by limited qubit counts in near-term devices. We present an innovative quantum-inspired framework…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-25 Co Tran , Quoc-Bao Tran , Hy Truong Son , Thang N Dinh

The last couple of years have seen an emergence of physics-inspired computing for maximum likelihood MIMO detection. These methods involve transforming the MIMO detection problem into an Ising minimization problem, which can then be solved…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Abhishek Kumar Singh , Davide Venturelli , Kyle Jamieson

Combinatorial optimization problems are crucial in industry. However, many COPs are NP-hard, causing the search space to grow exponentially with problem size and rendering large-scale instances computationally intractable. Conventional…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Eiji Kawase , Shuta Kikuchi , Hideaki Tamai , Shu Tanaka

Oscillator Ising machines (OIMs) are networks of coupled oscillators that seek the minimum energy state of an Ising model. Since many NP-hard problems are equivalent to the minimization of an Ising Hamiltonian, OIMs have emerged as a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-20 Ahmed Allibhoy , Arthur N. Montanari , Fabio Pasqualetti , Adilson E. Motter

Analog Ising machines have been proposed as heuristic hardware solvers for combinatorial optimization problems, with the potential to outperform conventional approaches, provided that their hyperparameters are carefully tuned. Their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Toon Sevenants , Guy Van der Sande , Guy Verschaffelt

Ising Machines (IMs) are physical systems designed to find solutions to combinatorial optimization (CO) problems mapped onto the IM via the coupling strengths of its binary spins. Using the intrinsic dynamics and different annealing…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2020-06-04 Afshin Houshang , Mohammad Zahedinejad , Shreyas Muralidhar , Jakub Checinski , Ahmad A. Awad , Johan Åkerman

We report a higher-order neuromorphic Ising machine that exhibits superior scalability compared to architectures based on quadratization, while also achieving state-of-the-art quality and reliability in solutions with competitive…

Time-multiplexed networks of degenerate optical parametric oscillators have demonstrated remarkable success in simulating coupled Ising spins, thus providing a promising route to solving complex combinatorial optimization problems. In these…

Ising machines are dedicated hardware solvers of NP-hard optimization problems. However, they do not always find the most optimal solution. The probability of finding this optimal solution depends on the problem at hand. Using continuation…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-12-10 Jacob Lamers , Guy Verschaffelt , Guy Van der Sande

The spatial photonic Ising machine has achieved remarkable advancements in solving combinatorial optimization problems. However, it still remains a huge challenge to flexibly mapping an arbitrary problem to Ising model. In this paper, we…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Shaomeng Wang , Wenjia Zhang , Xin Ye , Zuyuan He

Ising machines (IMs) are specialized devices designed to efficiently solve combinatorial optimization problems (COPs). They consist of artificial spins that evolve towards a low-energy configuration representing a problem's solution. Most…

Optical Ising machines promise to solve complex optimization problems with an optical hardware acceleration advantage. Here we study the ground state properties of a nonlinear optical Ising machine realized by spatial light modulator,…

Optics · Physics 2023-02-20 Santosh Kumar , Zhaotong Li , Ting Bu , Chunlei Qu , Yuping Huang

Black-box optimization has potential in numerous applications such as hyperparameter optimization in machine learning and optimization in design of experiments. Ising machines are useful for binary optimization problems because variables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-05 Yuya Seki , Ryo Tamura , Shu Tanaka

A promising approach to achieve computational supremacy over the classical von Neumann architecture explores classical and quantum hardware as Ising machines. The minimisation of the Ising Hamiltonian is known to be NP-hard problem for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-04 Kirill P. Kalinin , Natalia G. Berloff

Ising machines are purported to be better at solving large-scale combinatorial optimisation problems better than conventional von Neumann computers. However, these Ising machines are widely believed to be heuristics, whose promise is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-08 Sayantan Pramanik , Sourav Chatterjee , Harshkumar Oza