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This paper presents a framework to tackle combinatorial optimization problems using neural networks and reinforcement learning. We focus on the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and train a recurrent network that, given a set of city…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-01-16 Irwan Bello , Hieu Pham , Quoc V. Le , Mohammad Norouzi , Samy Bengio

Recently, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) frameworks have shown potential for solving NP-hard routing problems such as the traveling salesman problem (TSP) without problem-specific expert knowledge. Although DRL can be used to solve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Minsu Kim , Jinkyoo Park , Joungho Kim

In this paper we propose some novel path planning strategies for a double integrator with bounded velocity and bounded control inputs. First, we study the following version of the Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP): given a set of points…

Robotics · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Ketan Savla , Francesco Bullo , Emilio Frazzoli

Most neural solvers for the Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) are trained to output a single solution, even though practitioners rarely stop there: at test time, they routinely spend extra compute on sampling or post-hoc search. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Andoni Irazusta Garmendia

Order Picker Routing is a critical issue in Warehouse Operations Management. Due to the complexity of the problem and the need for quick solutions, suboptimal algorithms are frequently employed in practice. However, Reinforcement Learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 George Dunn , Hadi Charkhgard , Ali Eshragh , Sasan Mahmoudinazlou , Elizabeth Stojanovski

Deep learning has been extended to a number of new domains with critical success, though some traditional orienteering problems such as the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) and its variants are not commonly solved using such techniques.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-11 Wei Shao , Flora D. Salim , Jeffrey Chan , Sean Morrison , Fabio Zambetta

This paper proposes a policy-based deep reinforcement learning hyper-heuristic framework for solving the Job Shop Scheduling Problem. The hyper-heuristic agent learns to switch scheduling rules based on the system state dynamically. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Sofiene Lassoued , Asrat Gobachew , Stefan Lier , Andreas Schwung

The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is one of the most popular Combinatorial Optimization Problem. It is well solicited for the large variety of applications that it can solve, but also for its difficulty to find optimal solutions. One of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Mehdi El Krari , Belaïd Ahiod

Interaction-aware planning for autonomous driving requires an exploration of a combinatorial solution space when using conventional search- or optimization-based motion planners. With Deep Reinforcement Learning, optimal driving strategies…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-02-08 Julian Bernhard , Robert Gieselmann , Klemens Esterle , Alois Knoll

This paper proposes an algorithmic method to heuristically solve the famous Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) when the salesman's path evolves in continuous state space and discrete time but with otherwise arbitrary (nonlinear) dynamics.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-02 Alexander Weber , Alexander Knoll

The Travelling Salesman Problem - TSP is one of the most explored problems in the scientific literature to solve real problems regarding the economy, transportation, and logistics, to cite a few cases. Adapting TSP to solve different…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Carlos Alberto da Silva Junior , Roberto Yuji Tanaka , Luiz Carlos Farias da Silva , Angelo Passaro

Understanding the behaviour of heuristic search methods is a challenge. This even holds for simple local search methods such as 2-OPT for the Traveling Salesperson problem. In this paper, we present a general framework that is able to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-01 Wanru Gao , Samadhi Nallaperuma , Frank Neumann

This paper introduces a new learning-based approach for approximately solving the Travelling Salesman Problem on 2D Euclidean graphs. We use deep Graph Convolutional Networks to build efficient TSP graph representations and output tours in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Chaitanya K. Joshi , Thomas Laurent , Xavier Bresson

In this work we revisit the Hopfield-Tank algorithm for the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and report encouraging results, with a different dynamics, that makes the algorithm more efficient finding better solutions in much less…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-10-30 M. Argollo de Menezes , T. J. P. Penna

Policy gradient methods are powerful reinforcement learning algorithms and have been demonstrated to solve many complex tasks. However, these methods are also data-inefficient, afflicted with high variance gradient estimates, and frequently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-15 Andreas Doerr , Michael Volpp , Marc Toussaint , Sebastian Trimpe , Christian Daniel

Generalized traveling salesman problem (GTSP) is an extension of classical traveling salesman problem (TSP), which is a combinatorial optimization problem and an NP-hard problem. In this paper, an efficient discrete state transition…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-09-22 Xiaolin Tang , Chunhua Yang , Xiaojun Zhou , Weihua Gui

The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a classical combinatorial optimisation problem. Deep learning has been successfully extended to meta-learning, where previous solving efforts assist in learning how to optimise future optimisation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Nasrin Sultana , Jeffrey Chan , A. K. Qin , Tabinda Sarwar

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a well-known combinatorial optimization problem that aims to find the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the starting point. This paper explores the application…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Kael Silva Araújo , Francisco Márcio Barboza

This paper aims to develop a learning method for a special class of traveling salesman problems (TSP), namely, the pickup-and-delivery TSP (PDTSP), which finds the shortest tour along a sequence of one-to-one pickup-and-delivery nodes.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Bowen Fang , Xu Chen , Xuan Di

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a classic NP-hard combinatorial optimization task with numerous practical applications. Classic heuristic solvers can attain near-optimal performance for small problem instances, but become…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Michael Li , Eric Bae , Christopher Haberland , Natasha Jaques