Related papers: Available Energy from Diffusive and Reversible Pha…
The available energy of a plasma is defined as the maximum amount by which the plasma energy can be lowered by volume-preserving rearrangements in phase space, a so-called Gardner re-stacking. A general expression is derived for the…
The maximum particle kinetic energy that can be extracted from an initial six-dimensional phase space distribution motivates the concept of free or available energy. The free energy depends on the allowed operations that can be performed. A…
Waves propagating through a bounded plasma can rearrange the densities of states in the six-dimensional velocity-configuration phase space. Depending on the rearrangement, the wave energy can either increase or decrease, with the difference…
Broad classes of plasma phenomena can be understood in terms of phase-space rearrangements. For example, the net effect of a wave-particle interaction may consist of moving populations of particles from one region of phase space to another.…
The concept of available energy of a collisionless plasma is discussed in the context of magnetic confinement. The available energy quantifies how much of the plasma energy can be converted into fluctuations (including nonlinear ones) and…
Diffusive operations, which mix the populations of different elements of phase space, can irreversibly transform a given initial state into any of a spectrum of different states from which no further energy can be extracted through…
A collisionless plasma possesses a certain amount of "available energy", which is that part of the thermal energy that can be converted into field energy. Here, a calculation is presented of the available energy carried by trapped electrons…
A `polydisperse' system has an infinite number of conserved densities. We give a rational procedure for projecting its infinite-dimensional free energy surface onto a subspace comprising a finite number of linear combinations of densities…
The reversibility of the transfer of energy from the magnetic field to the surrounding plasma during magnetic reconnection is examined. Trajectories of test particles in an analytic model of the fields demonstrate that irreversibility is…
When poured into a container, cohesive granular materials form low-density, open granular aggregates. If pressed upon with a ram, these aggregates densify by particle rearrangement. Here we introduce experimental evidence to the effect that…
The energy budget of a collisionless plasma subject to electrostatic fluctuations is considered, and the excess of thermal energy over the minimum accessible to it under various constraints that limit the possible forms of plasma motion is…
The electromagnetic energy equation is analyzed term by term in a 3D simulation of kinetic reconnection previously reported by \citet{vapirev2013formation}. The evolution presents the usual 2D-like topological structures caused by an…
The dielectric function for electron gas with parabolic energy bands is derived in a fractional dimensional space. The static response function shows a good dimensional dependance. The plasma frequencies are obtained from the roots of the…
The chaotic diffusion for particles moving in a time dependent potential well is described by using two different procedures: (i) via direct evolution of the mapping describing the dynamics and ; (ii) by the solution of the diffusion…
A primary technical challenge for harnessing fusion energy is to control and extract energy from a non-thermal distribution of charged particles. The fact that phase space evolves by symplectomorphisms fundamentally limits how a…
Fast particles diffusing along magnetic field lines in a turbulent plasma can diffuse through and then return to the same eddy many times before the eddy is randomized in the turbulent flow. This leads to an enhancement of particle…
We consider a one-dimensional array of particles interacting via an infinite well potential. We explore the properties of energy spreading from an initial state where only a group of particles has non-zero velocities while others are…
Fast, counter-streaming plasma outflows drive magnetic field amplification, plasma heating, and particle acceleration in numerous astrophysical environments, from supernova remnant shocks to active galactic nuclei jets. Understanding how,…
Examination of equilibrium radiation in plasma media shows that the spectral energy distribution of such radiation is different from the Planck equilibrium radiation. Using the approach of quantum electrodynamics the general relation for…
We introduce and analyze $d$ dimensional Coulomb gases with random charge distribution and general external confining potential. We show that these gases satisfy a large deviations principle. The analysis of the minima of the rate function…