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Risk-limiting audits (RLAs) guarantee a high probability of correcting incorrect reported outcomes before the outcomes are certified. The most efficient use ballot-level comparison, comparing the voting system's interpretation of individual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Philip B. Stark

Various risk-limiting audit (RLA) methods have been developed for instant-runoff voting (IRV) elections. A recent method, AWAIRE, is the first efficient approach that can take advantage of but does not require cast vote records (CVRs).…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Alexander Ek , Philip B. Stark , Peter J. Stuckey , Damjan Vukcevic

Single Transferable Vote (STV) elections are a principled approach to electing multiple candidates in a single election. Each ballot has a starting value of 1, and a candidate is elected if they gather a total vote value more than a defined…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Michelle Blom , Peter J. Stuckey , Vanessa Teague , Damjan Vukcevic

In the context of election security, a Risk-Limiting Audit (RLA) is a statistical framework that uses a minimal partial recount of the ballots to guarantee that the results of the election were correctly reported. A generalized RLA…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Edouard Heitzmann

We present the core support criterion, a voting criterion satisfied by Instant Runoff Voting (IRV) that is analogous to the Condorcet criterion but reflective of a different majority rule philosophy. Condorcet methods can be thought of as…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2024-07-12 Ross Hyman , Deb Otis , Seamus Allen , Greg Dennis

Risk-limiting audits (RLAs) are post-election auditing procedures that rigorously guarantee a specified maximum probability that an incorrect electoral outcome will not be detected. Aside from ready access to physical ballots, known RLAs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Benjamin Fuller , Abigail Harrison , Alexander Russell

Instant runoff voting (IRV) has recently gained popularity as an alternative to plurality voting for political elections, with advocates claiming a range of advantages, including that it produces more moderate winners than plurality and…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Kiran Tomlinson , Johan Ugander , Jon Kleinberg

Colorado conducted risk-limiting tabulation audits (RLAs) across the state in 2017, including both ballot-level comparison audits and ballot-polling audits. Those audits only covered contests restricted to a single county; methods to…

Applications · Statistics 2018-03-05 Mark Lindeman , Neal McBurnett , Kellie Ottoboni , Philip B. Stark

Indian Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) will be fitted with printers that produce Voter-Verifiable Paper Audit Trails (VVPATs) in time for the 2019 general election. VVPATs provide evidence that each vote was recorded as the voter…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-28 Vishal Mohanty , Nicholas Akinyokun , Andrew Conway , Chris Culnane , Philip B. Stark , Vanessa Teague

Risk-limiting audits (RLAs) are expected to strengthen the public confidence in the correctness of an election outcome. We hypothesize that this is not always the case, in part because for large margins between the winner and the runner-up,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Asmita Dalela , Oksana Kulyk , Carsten Schürmann

Risk-limiting audits (RLAs) can provide routine, affirmative evidence that reported election outcomes are correct by checking a random sample of cast ballots. An efficient RLA requires checking relatively few ballots. Here we construct…

Applications · Statistics 2024-10-16 Jacob Spertus

Risk-limiting audits (RLAs) are techniques for verifying the outcomes of large elections. While they provide rigorous guarantees of correctness, widespread adoption has been impeded by both efficiency concerns and the fact they offer…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Benjamin Fuller , Rashmi Pai , Alexander Russell

We analyze the susceptibility of instant runoff voting (IRV) to a lesser-studied paradox known as a \emph{reinforcement paradox}, which occurs when candidate $X$ wins under IRV in two distinct elections but $X$ loses in the combined…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-04-20 David McCune , Jennifer Wilson

We describe the vote package in R, which implements the plurality (or first-past-the-post), two-round runoff, score, approval and single transferable vote (STV) electoral systems, as well as methods for selecting the Condorcet winner and…

Computation · Statistics 2021-02-12 Adrian E. Raftery , Hana Ševčíková , Bernard W. Silverman

Several election districts in the US have recently moved to ranked-choice voting (RCV) to decide the results of local elections. RCV allows voters to rank their choices, and the results are computed in rounds, eliminating one candidate at a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Alborz Jelvani , Amélie Marian

Risk-limiting audits (RLAs) offer a statistical guarantee: if a full manual tally of the paper ballots would show that the reported election outcome is wrong, an RLA has a known minimum chance of leading to a full manual tally. RLAs…

Applications · Statistics 2018-09-13 Kellie Ottoboni , Philip B. Stark , Mark Lindeman , Neal McBurnett

The main risk-limiting ballot polling audit in use today, BRAVO, is designed for use when single ballots are drawn at random and a decision regarding whether to stop the audit or draw another ballot is taken after each ballot draw…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Filip Zagórski , Grant McClearn , Sarah Morin , Neal McBurnett , Poorvi L. Vora

One approach to risk-limiting audits (RLAs) compares randomly selected cast vote records (CVRs) to votes read by human auditors from the corresponding ballot cards. Historically, such methods reduce audit sample sizes by considering how…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Alexander Ek , Michelle Blom , Philip B. Stark , Peter J. Stuckey , Vanessa J. Teague , Damjan Vukcevic

Ranked Choice Voting (RCV) adoption is expanding across U.S. elections, but faces persistent criticism for complexity, strategic manipulation, and ballot exhaustion. We empirically test these concerns on real election data, across three…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Sanyukta Deshpande , Nikhil Garg , Sheldon H. Jacobson

Postal voting is growing rapidly in the U.S., with 43% of voters casting ballots by mail in 2020, yet until recently there has been little research about extending the protections of end-to-end verifiable (E2E-V) election schemes to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Braden L. Crimmins , Marshall Rhea , J. Alex Halderman