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We study the reinforcement learning problem of complex action control in the Multi-player Online Battle Arena (MOBA) 1v1 games. This problem involves far more complicated state and action spaces than those of traditional 1v1 games, such as…

Recent advancements in algorithms for sequential decision-making under imperfect information have shown remarkable success in large games such as limit- and no-limit poker. These algorithms traditionally formalize the games using the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Vojtěch Kovařík , David Milec , Michal Šustr , Dominik Seitz , Viliam Lisý

In this paper, several techniques for learning game state evaluation functions by reinforcement are proposed. The first is a generalization of tree bootstrapping (tree learning): it is adapted to the context of reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Quentin Cohen-Solal

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has achieved super-human performance on complex video games (e.g., StarCraft II and Dota II). However, current DRL systems still suffer from challenges of multi-agent coordination, sparse rewards,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Shiyu Huang , Wenze Chen , Longfei Zhang , Shizhen Xu , Ziyang Li , Fengming Zhu , Deheng Ye , Ting Chen , Jun Zhu

Artificial intelligence (AI) has surpassed top human players in a variety of games. In imperfect information games, these achievements have primarily been driven by Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) and its variants for computing…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Qi Ju , Thomas Tellier , Meng Sun , Zhemei Fang , Yunfeng Luo

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems have surpassed human intelligence in a variety of computational tasks. However, AI systems, like humans, make mistakes, have blind spots, hallucinate, and struggle to generalize to new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Tom Zahavy , Vivek Veeriah , Shaobo Hou , Kevin Waugh , Matthew Lai , Edouard Leurent , Nenad Tomasev , Lisa Schut , Demis Hassabis , Satinder Singh

In the past few years, deep reinforcement learning has been proven to solve problems which have complex states like video games or board games. The next step of intelligent agents would be able to generalize between tasks, and using prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Shu-Hsuan Hsu , I-Chao Shen , Bing-Yu Chen

Imperfect-information multiplayer games test whether agents can act under hidden information, sparse rewards, and non-stationary opponents. We study these challenges in Big 2, a four-player imperfect-information card game. We develop a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Aalok Patwa

Real-time strategy (RTS) games make heavy use of artificial intelligence (AI), especially in the design of computerized opponents. Because of the computational complexity involved in managing all aspects of these games, many AI opponents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-03-07 Ian Helmke , Daniel Kreymer , Karl Wiegand

In recent years, much progress has been made in computer Go and most of the results have been obtained thanks to search algorithms (Monte Carlo Tree Search) and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). In this paper, we propose to use and analyze…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Brahim Driss , Jérôme Arjonilla , Hui Wang , Abdallah Saffidine , Tristan Cazenave

Artificial intelligence commonly refers to the science and engineering of artificial systems that can carry out tasks generally associated with requiring aspects of human intelligence, such as playing games, translating languages, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Andreas Krause , Jonas Hübotter

Games are a simplified model of reality and often serve as a favored platform for Artificial Intelligence (AI) research. Much of the research is concerned with game-playing agents and their decision making processes. The game of Guandan…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Yifan Yanggong , Hao Pan , Lei Wang

Search in test time is often used to improve the performance of reinforcement learning algorithms. Performing theoretically sound search in fully adversarial two-player games with imperfect information is notoriously difficult and requires…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Ondrej Kubicek , Neil Burch , Viliam Lisy

This paper explores adaptive problem solving with a game designed to support the development of problem-solving skills. Using an adaptive, AI-powered puzzle game, our adaptive problem-solving system dynamically generates pathfinding-based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Matthew McConnell , Richard Zhao

Reinforcement learning methods have recently been very successful at performing complex sequential tasks like playing Atari games, Go and Poker. These algorithms have outperformed humans in several tasks by learning from scratch, using only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Ajay Subramanian , Sharad Chitlangia , Veeky Baths

Self-trained autonomous agents developed using machine learning are showing great promise in a variety of control settings, perhaps most remarkably in applications involving autonomous vehicles. The main challenge associated with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Patrik Hammersborg , Inga Strümke

Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems have made remarkable progress, attaining super-human performance across various domains. This presents us with an opportunity to further human knowledge and improve human expert performance by leveraging…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Lisa Schut , Nenad Tomasev , Tom McGrath , Demis Hassabis , Ulrich Paquet , Been Kim

Hex and Counter Wargames are adversarial two-player simulations of real military conflicts requiring complex strategic decision-making. Unlike classical board games, these games feature intricate terrain/unit interactions, unit stacking,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Guilherme Palma , Pedro A. Santos , João Dias

Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents have rapidly evolved from specialized, rule-based programs to versatile, learning-driven autonomous systems capable of perception, reasoning, and action in complex environments. The explosion of data,…

Workers spend a significant amount of time learning how to make good decisions. Evaluating the efficacy of a given decision, however, can be complicated -- e.g., decision outcomes are often long-term and relate to the original decision in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Hamsa Bastani , Osbert Bastani , Wichinpong Park Sinchaisri