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Compute-in-memory (CIM) techniques are widely employed in energy-efficient artificial intelligent (AI) processors. They alleviate power and latency bottlenecks caused by extensive data movements between compute and storage units. To extend…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Jianyi Yu , Tengxiao Wang , Yuxuan Wang , Xiang Fu , Fei Qiao , Ying Wang , Rui Yuan , Liyuan Liu , Cong Shi

In-memory-computing is emerging as an efficient hardware paradigm for deep neural network accelerators at the edge, enabling to break the memory wall and exploit massive computational parallelism. Two design models have surged: analog…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Pouya Houshmand , Jiacong Sun , Marian Verhelst

Sorting is a fundamental operation across numerous computational domains. Traditionally, this process involves transferring data from main memory to a processing unit for sorting, followed by writing the sorted data back to memory. This…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Narendra Singh Dhakad , Santosh Kumar Vishvakarma

A compact, accurate, and bitwidth-programmable in-memory computing (IMC) static random-access memory (SRAM) macro, named CAP-RAM, is presented for energy-efficient convolutional neural network (CNN) inference. It leverages a novel…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Zhiyu Chen , Zhanghao Yu , Qing Jin , Yan He , Jingyu Wang , Sheng Lin , Dai Li , Yanzhi Wang , Kaiyuan Yang

Conventional in-memory computing (IMC) architectures consist of analog memristive crossbars to accelerate matrix-vector multiplication (MVM), and digital functional units to realize nonlinear vector (NLV) operations in deep neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Md Hasibul Amin , Mohammed Elbtity , Ramtin Zand

Compute-in-memory (CIM) accelerators for spiking neural networks (SNNs) are promising solutions to enable $\mu$s-level inference latency and ultra-low energy in edge vision applications. Yet, their current lack of flexibility at both the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Nicolas Chauvaux , Adrian Kneip , Christoph Posch , Kofi Makinwa , Charlotte Frenkel

The widespread adoption of data-centric algorithms, particularly Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), has exposed the limitations of centralized processing infrastructures, driving a shift towards edge computing. This…

Binary neural networks (BNNs) that use 1-bit weights and activations have garnered interest as extreme quantization provides low power dissipation. By implementing BNNs as computing-in-memory (CIM), which computes multiplication and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Minh-Son Le , Thi-Nhan Pham , Thanh-Dat Nguyen , Ik-Joon Chang

Charge-domain compute-in-memory (CIM) SRAMs have recently become an enticing compromise between computing efficiency and accuracy to process sub-8b convolutional neural networks (CNNs) at the edge. Yet, they commonly make use of a fixed…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Adrian Kneip , Martin Lefebvre , Pol Maistriaux , David Bol

The rapid growth of deep neural network (DNN) workloads has significantly increased the demand for large-capacity on-chip SRAM in machine learning (ML) applications, with SRAM arrays now occupying a substantial fraction of the total die…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Subhradip Chakraborty , Ankur Singh , Xuming Chen , Gourav Datta , Akhilesh R. Jaiswal

In-memory computing (IMC) on a monolithic chip for deep learning faces dramatic challenges on area, yield, and on-chip interconnection cost due to the ever-increasing model sizes. 2.5D integration or chiplet-based architectures interconnect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Gokul Krishnan , Sumit K. Mandal , Manvitha Pannala , Chaitali Chakrabarti , Jae-sun Seo , Umit Y. Ogras , Yu Cao

In-memory computing (IMC) is an effectual solution for energy-efficient artificial intelligence applications. Analog IMC amortizes the power consumption of multiple sensing amplifiers with analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Hao Cai , Yanan Guo , Bo Liu , Mingyang Zhou , Juntong Chen , Xinning Liu , Jun Yang

`In-memory computing' is being widely explored as a novel computing paradigm to mitigate the well known memory bottleneck. This emerging paradigm aims at embedding some aspects of computations inside the memory array, thereby avoiding…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-03-30 Mustafa Ali , Akhilesh Jaiswal , Sangamesh Kodge , Amogh Agrawal , Indranil Chakraborty , Kaushik Roy

In-memory computing (IMC) has gained significant attention recently as it attempts to reduce the impact of memory bottlenecks. Numerous schemes for digital IMC are presented in the literature, focusing on logic operations. Often, an…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Simranjeet Singh , Ankit Bende , Chandan Kumar Jha , Vikas Rana , Rolf Drechsler , Sachin Patkar , Farhad Merchant

Due to the high activation sparsity and use of accumulates (AC) instead of expensive multiply-and-accumulates (MAC), neuromorphic spiking neural networks (SNNs) have emerged as a promising low-power alternative to traditional DNNs for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Gourav Datta , Zeyu Liu , Md Abdullah-Al Kaiser , Souvik Kundu , Joe Mathai , Zihan Yin , Ajey P. Jacob , Akhilesh R. Jaiswal , Peter A. Beerel

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as a biologically inspired alternative to conventional deep networks, offering event-driven and energy-efficient computation. However, their throughput remains constrained by the serial update of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Hongyang Shang , Shuai Dong , Yahan Yang , Junyi Yang , Peng Zhou , Arindam Basu

Computing-in-memory (CIM) is renowned in deep learning due to its high energy efficiency resulting from highly parallel computing with minimal data movement. However, current SRAM-based CIM designs suffer from long latency for loading…

This paper describes a multi-functional deep in-memory processor for inference applications. Deep in-memory processing is achieved by embedding pitch-matched low-SNR analog processing into a standard 6T 16KB SRAM array in 65 nm CMOS. Four…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2016-10-25 Mingu Kang , Sujan Gonugondla , Ameya Patil , Naresh Shanbhag

The ever-increasing computation complexity of fast-growing Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) has requested new computing paradigms to overcome the memory wall in conventional Von Neumann computing architectures. The emerging Computing-In-Memory…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Kaining Zhou , Yangshuo He , Rui Xiao , Kejie Huang

Compute-in-memory (CiM) is a promising approach to improving the computing speed and energy efficiency in dataintensive applications. Beyond existing CiM techniques of bitwise logic-in-memory operations and dot product operations, this…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Yiming Chen , Yushen Fu , Mingyen Lee , Sumitha George , Yongpan Liu , Vijaykrishnan Narayanan , Huazhong Yang , Xueqing Li