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Advancements in fast electron detectors have enabled the statistically significant sampling of crystal structures on the nanometre scale by means of Scanning Electron Nanobeam Diffraction (SEND). Characterisation of structural similarity…

Materials Science · Physics 2022-07-28 Andy Bridger , William I. F. David , Thomas J. Wood , Mohsen Danaie , Keith T. Butler

The 4D scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) method has enabled mapping of the structure and functionality of solids on the atomic scale, yielding information-rich data sets containing information on the interatomic electric and…

Computational Physics · Physics 2020-09-24 Mark P. Oxley , Maxim Ziatdinov , Ondrej Dyck , Andrew R. Lupini , Rama Vasudevan , Sergei V. Kalinin

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is an indispensable tool for atomic-resolution structural analysis for a wide range of materials. The conventional analysis of STEM images is an extensive hands-on process, which limits…

Understanding the relationship between atomic structure (order) and chemical composition (chemistry) is critical for advancing materials science, yet traditional spectroscopic techniques can be slow and damaging to sensitive samples.…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-08-29 Mridul Kumar , Yevgeny Rakita

The recent development of electron sensitive and pixelated detectors has attracted the use of four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM). Here, we present a precession electron diffraction assisted 4D-STEM…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-10-04 Jiwon Jeong , Niels Cautaerts , Gerhard Dehm , Christian H. Liebscher

The technique known as 4D-STEM has recently emerged as a powerful tool for the local characterization of crystalline structures in materials, such as cathode materials for Li-ion batteries or perovskite materials for photovoltaics. However,…

Characterizing long-range electric fields and built-in potentials in functional materials at nano- to micrometer scales is of supreme importance for optimizing devices. E.g., the functionality of semiconductor heterostructures or battery…

Deep learning has demonstrated superb efficacy in processing imaging data, yet its suitability in solving challenging inverse problems in scientific imaging has not been fully explored. Of immense interest is the determination of local…

Materials Science · Physics 2019-02-20 Nouamane Laanait , Qian He , Albina Y. Borisevich

Four-dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (4D STEM) with data acquired using a defocused electron probe is a promising tool for characterising complex biological specimens and materials through a phase retrieval process…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-15 Amirafshar Moshtaghpour , Angus I. Kirkland

Characterizing crystal structures and interfaces down to the atomic level is an important step for designing advanced materials. Modern electron microscopy routinely achieves atomic resolution and is capable to resolve complex arrangements…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-09-07 Andreas Leitherer , Byung Chul Yeo , Christian H. Liebscher , Luca M. Ghiringhelli

Scanning transmission electron microscopy is a common tool used to study the atomic structure of materials. It is an inherently multimodal tool allowing for the simultaneous acquisition of multiple information channels. Despite its…

We demonstrate a multi-beam scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging that integrates down-sampling with super-resolution image reconstruction via a compressive sensing framework. A custom condenser aperture with six randomly…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-03-19 Akira Yasuhara , Takumi Sannomiya , Ryoichi Horisaki

Despite the widespread use of Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) for observing the structure of materials at the atomic scale, a detailed understanding of some relevant electron beam damage mechanisms is limited. Recent…

We present PyAtoms, an interactive open-source software that rapidly simulates atomic-scale scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and other scanning probe microscopy (SPM) images of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials, moir\'{e} systems,…

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) coupled with Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) presents a powerful platform for detailed material characterization via rich imaging and spectroscopic data. Modern electron microscopes…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2024-06-18 Utkarsh Pratiush , Austin Houston , Sergei V Kalinin , Gerd Duscher

The advent of modern, high-speed electron detectors has made the collection of multidimensional hyperspectral transmission electron microscopy datasets, such as 4D-STEM, a routine. However, many microscopists find such experiments daunting…

To engineer the next generation of advanced materials we must understand their microstructure, and this requires microstructural characterization. This can be achieved through the collection of high contrast, data rich, and insightful…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-01-09 Tianbi Zhang , T. Ben Britton

Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEM) provide sub-angstrom lateral resolution; however, the large convergence angle greatly reduces the depth of field. For microscopes with a small depth of field,…

Materials Science · Physics 2011-12-15 Robert Hovden , Huolin L. Xin , David A. Muller

Properties of crystalline materials are closely linked to microstructure arising from the spatial arrangement, orientation, and phase of nanocrystals. Rapid characterization of crystalline microstructure can accelerate the identification of…

Materials Science · Physics 2026-02-16 Kwanghwi Je , Ellis R. Kennedy , Sungin Kim , Yao Yang , Erik H. Thiede

Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) generates multi-gigabyte datasets, creating a growing mismatch between acquisition rates and practical storage, transfer, and interactive visualization capabilities. We…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-09 Ondrej Dyck , Andrew R. Lupini , Albina Borisevich , Miaofang Chi , Rama K. Vasudevan , Stephen Jesse