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We aim to construct a class of learning algorithms that are of practical value to applied researchers in fields such as biostatistics, epidemiology and econometrics, where the need to learn from incompletely observed information is…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-02-09 Alicia Curth , Ahmed M. Alaa , Mihaela van der Schaar

Accurately predicting conditional average treatment effects (CATEs) is crucial in personalized medicine and digital platform analytics. Since the treatments of interest often cannot be directly randomized, observational data is leveraged to…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-05 Miruna Oprescu , Nathan Kallus

Individualized treatment rules (ITRs) are considered a promising recipe to deliver better policy interventions. One key ingredient in optimal ITR estimation problems is to estimate the average treatment effect conditional on a subject's…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-03-16 Hongming Pu , Bo Zhang

He et al. (2018) have called into question the utility of pre-training by showing that training from scratch can often yield similar performance to pre-training. We show that although pre-training may not improve performance on traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-22 Dan Hendrycks , Kimin Lee , Mantas Mazeika

Multivalued treatments are commonplace in applications. We explore the use of discrete-valued instruments to control for selection bias in this setting. Our discussion revolves around the concept of targeting: which instruments target which…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-06 Sokbae Lee , Bernard Salanié

There is strong interest in estimating how the magnitude of treatment effects of an intervention vary across sub-groups of the population of interest. In our paper, we propose a two-study approach to first propose and then test…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-23 Rahul Ladhania , Amelia Haviland , Neeraj Sood , Edward Kennedy , Ateev Mehrotra

We address the issue of the testability of instrumental variables derived from observational data. Most existing testable implications are centered on scenarios where the treatment is a discrete variable, e.g., instrumental inequality…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-13 Xichen Guo , Zheng Li , Biwei Huang , Yan Zeng , Zhi Geng , Feng Xie

In many social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences, treatment effect estimation is a crucial step in understanding the impact of an intervention, policy, or treatment. In recent years, an increasing emphasis has been placed on…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-10 Xinhai Zhang , Xingye Qiao

Consider the problem of estimating average treatment effects when a large number of covariates are used to adjust for possible confounding through outcome regression and propensity score models. The conventional approach of model building…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-01-31 Zhiqiang Tan

Influence functions approximate the effect of training samples in test-time predictions and have a wide variety of applications in machine learning interpretability and uncertainty estimation. A commonly-used (first-order) influence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Samyadeep Basu , Philip Pope , Soheil Feizi

The statistical tests that are commonly used for detecting mean or median treatment effects suffer from low power when the two distribution functions differ only in the upper (or lower) tail, as in the assessment of the Total Sharp Score…

Applications · Statistics 2011-01-10 Xuming He , Ya-Hui Hsu , Mingxiu Hu

We consider the estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects with arbitrary machine learning methods in the presence of unobserved confounders with the aid of a valid instrument. Such settings arise in A/B tests with an intent-to-treat…

Econometrics · Economics 2019-06-07 Vasilis Syrgkanis , Victor Lei , Miruna Oprescu , Maggie Hei , Keith Battocchi , Greg Lewis

The analysis of platform trials can be enhanced by utilizing non-concurrent controls. Since including this data might also introduce bias in the treatment effect estimators if time trends are present, methods for incorporating…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-21 Pavla Krotka , Martin Posch , Marta Bofill Roig

Instrumental variables are commonly used to estimate effects of a treatment afflicted by unmeasured confounding, and in practice instruments are often continuous (e.g., measures of distance, or treatment preference). However, available…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-07-05 Edward H. Kennedy , Scott A. Lorch , Dylan S. Small

Missing exposure information is a very common feature of many observational studies. Here we study identifiability and efficient estimation of causal effects on vector outcomes, in such cases where treatment is unconfounded but partially…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-02-04 Edward H. Kennedy

In this paper, we address the issue of estimating and inferring distributional treatment effects in randomized experiments. The distributional treatment effect provides a more comprehensive understanding of treatment heterogeneity compared…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-01-15 Tatsushi Oka , Shota Yasui , Yuta Hayakawa , Undral Byambadalai

When assessing the presence of an exposure causal effect on a given outcome, it is well known that classical measurement error of the exposure can reduce the power of a test of the null hypothesis in question, although its type I error rate…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-10-18 Caleb H. Miles , Joel Schwartz , Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen

In some causal inference scenarios, the treatment variable is measured inaccurately, for instance in epidemiology or econometrics. Failure to correct for the effect of this measurement error can lead to biased causal effect estimates.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Antti Pöllänen , Pekka Marttinen

This paper studies inference in randomized controlled trials with covariate-adaptive randomization when there are multiple treatments. More specifically, we study inference about the average effect of one or more treatments relative to…

Econometrics · Economics 2019-01-21 Federico A. Bugni , Ivan A. Canay , Azeem M. Shaikh

This study investigates treatment effect estimation in the semi-supervised setting, also can be interpreted as prediction-powered inference. In our setting, we can use not only the standard triple of covariates, treatment indicator, and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-05 Masahiro Kato
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