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Heavy-ion collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} \sim 10$ GeV probe the QCD phase diagram at large baryon densities. Because the longitudinal Lorentz contraction is small at these collision energies, understanding the dynamics during the early…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-07-18 Chun Shen , Abel Noble , Jean-François Paquet , Björn Schenke , Charles Gale

The rapid thermalization of quarks and gluons in the initial stages of relativistic heavy-ion collisions is treated using analytic solutions of a nonlinear diffusion equation with schematic initial conditions, and for gluons with boundary…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2020-05-04 Georg Wolschin

The rapidity dependence of the initial energy density in heavy-ion collisions is calculated from a three-dimensional McLerran-Venugopalan model (3dMVn) introduced by Lam and Mahlon. This model is infrared safe since global color neutrality…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2014-03-12 Sener Ozonder , Rainer J. Fries

The quality of data taken at RHIC and LHC as well as the success and sophistication of computational models for the description of ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions have advanced to a level that allows for the quantitative extraction…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-03-14 Steffen A. Bass , Jonah E. Bernhard , J. Scott Moreland

We demonstrate by explicit calculations in 3+1 dimensional viscous relativistic fluid dynamics how two-particle pseudorapidity correlation functions in heavy ion collisions at the LHC and RHIC depend on the number of particle producing…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-12-02 Akihiko Monnai , Bjoern Schenke

In ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions, a plasma of deconfined quarks and gluons is formed within $1$ fm/c of the nuclei's impact. The complex dynamics of the collision before $\approx 1$ fm/c is often described with parametric models,…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2024-06-24 Matthew R. Heffernan , Charles Gale , Sangyong Jeon , Jean-François Paquet

A consistent picture of the Au+Au and D+Au, s^1/2 = 200 A GeV measurements at RHIC obtained with the PHENIX, STAR, PHOBOS and BRAHMS detectors including both the rapidity and transverse momentum spectra was previously developed with the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 D. E. Kahana , S. H. Kahana

Partonic matter produced in the early stage of ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions is assumed to be composed mainly of gluons, and quarks and antiquarks are produced at later times. The comparable hydrodynamic simulations of…

This work presents a Bayesian inference study for relativistic heavy-ion collisions in the Beam Energy Scan program at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider. The theoretical model simulates event-by-event (3+1)D collision dynamics using…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2026-02-03 Syed Afrid Jahan , Hendrik Roch , Chun Shen

In the framework of the Glauber approach we investigate the influence of the initial fluctuations on various measures of the initial-state geometry in 63Cu+197Au and 238U+238U relativistic ion collisions. Comparing variants of Glauber model…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2014-03-03 Maciej Rybczynski , Wojciech Broniowski , Grzegorz Stefanek

A relativistic 3-fluid 3D hydrodynamic model has been developed for describing heavy-ion collisions at incident energies between few and $\sim$ 200 A$\cdot$GeV. In addition to two baryon-rich fluids which simulate mutually decelerating…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 V. D. Toneev , Yu. B. Ivanov , E. G. Nikonov , W. Noerenberg , V. N. Russkikh

A comprehensive viscous hydrodynamic fit of spectra and elliptic flow for charged hadrons and identified pions and protons from Au+Au collisions of all centralities measured at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider is performed and used as…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2012-10-08 Chun Shen , Ulrich W. Heinz , Pasi Huovinen , Huichao Song

Relativistic heavy ion collisions produce nuclei-sized droplets of quark-gluon plasma whose expansion is well described by viscous hydrodynamic calculations. Over the past half decade, this formalism was also found to apply to smaller…

A current goal of relativistic heavy ion collisions experiments is the search for a Color Glass Condensate as the limiting state of QCD matter at very high density. In viscous hydrodynamics simulations, a standard Glauber initial condition…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-06-15 M. Ruggieri , F. Scardina , S. Plumari , V. Greco

In this dissertation I introduce relativistic heavy ion collisions and describe theoretical approaches to understanding them--in particular, viscous hydrodynamic simulations and investigations of final state interactions. The successful…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-08-31 Matthew Luzum

In the RHIC Beam Energy Scan program, gold nuclei are collided with different collision energies in the range from few to 62.4 GeV. The goals of the program are to explore the onset of QGP creation, locate the critical point of QCD and…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2021-10-14 Jakub Cimerman , Iurii Karpenko , Boris Tomasik , Barbara Antonina Trzeciak

Isobaric collisions provide a unique opportunity to investigate how variations in the charge to mass ratio affect the final state observables produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions. Most importantly, isobaric systems that differ in…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-12-04 Amit Paul , Rupa Chatterjee

Following the Boz$\dot{\textrm{e}}$k-Wyskiel parametrization tilted initial condition, an alternative way to construct a longitudinal tilted fireball based on the Glauber collision geometry is presented. This longitudinal tilted initial…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2021-12-22 Ze-Fang Jiang , C. B. Yang , Qi Peng

This work presents data analysis on Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$=2.76 TeV with centrality $40\%-50\%$. We present introduction and Monte-Carlo simulation results of the Glauber model, which shed light on the initial geometric…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2022-07-13 Ce-ran Hu , Wen-tao He , Cheng-ze Lyu , Kang-jie Yang , Lily Yao , Rui-chong Zhao

Centrality and system geometry dependence of azimuthal anisotropy of charged hadrons measured in terms of the elliptic flow parameter are investigated using Au+Au event samples at incident beam energy $20$A GeV and $40$A GeV generated by…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-04-17 Soumya Sarkar , Provash Mali , Amitabha Mukhopadhyay