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This literature review surveys the advancements of keyword spotting (KWS) technologies, specifically focusing on Urdu, Pakistan's low-resource language (LRL), which has complex phonetics. Despite the global strides in speech technology,…
Text classification is a very common task nowadays and there are many efficient methods and algorithms that we can employ to accomplish it. Transformers have revolutionized the field of deep learning, particularly in Natural Language…
The recent surge of complex attention-based deep learning architectures has led to extraordinary results in various downstream NLP tasks in the English language. However, such research for resource-constrained and morphologically rich…
The flourishing blossom of deep learning has witnessed the rapid development of text recognition in recent years. However, the existing text recognition methods are mainly proposed for English texts. As another widely-spoken language,…
This research conducts a comparative study on multilingual text classification methods, utilizing deep learning and embedding visualization. The study employs LangDetect, LangId, FastText, and Sentence Transformer on a dataset encompassing…
Text classification has been one of the earliest problems in NLP. Over time the scope of application areas has broadened and the difficulty of dealing with new areas (e.g., noisy social media content) has increased. The problem-solving…
Document categorization is a technique where the category of a document is determined. In this paper three well-known supervised learning techniques which are Support Vector Machine(SVM), Na\"ive Bayes(NB) and Stochastic Gradient…
Language model (LM) benchmarking faces several challenges: comprehensive evaluations are costly, benchmarks often fail to measure the intended capabilities, and evaluation quality can degrade due to labeling errors and benchmark saturation.…
Text categorization is the process of grouping documents into categories based on their contents. This process is important to make information retrieval easier, and it became more important due to the huge textual information available…
The advent of the attention mechanism in neural machine translation models has improved the performance of machine translation systems by enabling selective lookup into the source sentence. In this paper, the efficiencies of translation…
Sentiment analysis is a vast area in the Machine learning domain. A lot of work is done on datasets and their analysis of the English Language. In Pakistan, a huge amount of data is in roman Urdu language, it is scattered all over the…
Evaluating instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) in Hindi is challenging due to a lack of high-quality benchmarks, as direct translation of English datasets fails to capture crucial linguistic and cultural nuances. To address this,…
Cross-lingual speech emotion recognition is an important task for practical applications. The performance of automatic speech emotion recognition systems degrades in cross-corpus scenarios, particularly in scenarios involving multiple…
Neural Machine Translation models have replaced the conventional phrase based statistical translation methods since the former takes a generic, scalable, data-driven approach rather than relying on manual, hand-crafted features. The neural…
Machine translation has gained much attention in recent years. It is a sub-field of computational linguistic which focus on translating text from one language to other language. Among different translation techniques, neural network…
Machine translation has become a critical tool in bridging linguistic gaps, especially between languages as diverse as English and Hindi. This paper comprehensively evaluates various machine translation models for translating between…
This work presents a detailed comparison of the performance of deep learning models such as convolutional neural networks (CNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent units (GRU), their hybrids, and a selection of shallow learning…
Data-efficient image classification using deep neural networks in settings, where only small amounts of labeled data are available, has been an active research area in the recent past. However, an objective comparison between published…
Social media platforms are critical spaces for public discourse, shaping opinions and community dynamics, yet their widespread use has amplified harmful content, particularly hate speech, threatening online safety and inclusivity. While…
Text classification is an important task in Natural Language Processing (NLP), where the goal is to categorize text data into predefined classes. In this study, we analyse the dataset creation steps and evaluation techniques of multi-label…