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The quantum circuit model is the de-facto way of designing quantum algorithms. Yet any level of abstraction away from the underlying hardware incurs overhead. In the era of near-term, noisy, intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) hardware with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-27 Laura Clinton , Johannes Bausch , Toby Cubitt

In fault-tolerant quantum circuit synthesis, T gates supplied via magic states dominate space-time cost, while Clifford gates incur negligible overhead. Conventional flows minimize AND count in an {XOR, AND, NOT} basis as a proxy for T,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Hanyu Wang , Mingfei Yu , Xinrui Wu , Jason Cong

We present a quantum circuit optimization technique that takes into account the variability in error rates that is inherent across present day noisy quantum computing platforms. This method can be run post qubit routing or post-compilation,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-22 Paul D. Nation , Matthew Treinish

Consumption of magic states promotes the stabilizer model of computation to universal quantum computation. Here, we propose three different classical algorithms for simulating such universal quantum circuits, and characterize them by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-23 James R. Seddon , Bartosz Regula , Hakop Pashayan , Yingkai Ouyang , Earl T. Campbell

Quantum circuits currently constitute a dominant model for quantum computation. Our work addresses the problem of constructing quantum circuits to implement an arbitrary given quantum computation, in the special case of two qubits. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Stephen S. Bullock , Igor L. Markov

In order for quantum computations to be done as efficiently as possible it is important to optimise the number of gates used in the underlying quantum circuits. In this paper we find that many gate optimisation problems for approximately…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-13 John van de Wetering , Matt Amy

Classically simulating circuits with bosonic codes is challenging due to the prohibitive cost of simulating quantum systems with many, possibly infinite, energy levels. We propose an algorithm to simulate circuits with encoded…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-15 Cameron Calcluth , Oliver Hahn , Juani Bermejo-Vega , Alessandro Ferraro , Giulia Ferrini

We study the prepare-and-measure scenario in which Alice transmits a quantum system to Bob, who then performs a quantum measurement. The quantum state of the system is unknown to Bob, and the measurement is unknown to Alice. It has recently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Sebastian Schlösser , Matthias Kleinmann

We consider Gaussian quantum circuits supplemented with non-Gaussian input states and derive sufficient conditions for efficient classical strong simulation of these circuits. In particular, we generalise the stellar representation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-14 Ulysse Chabaud , Giulia Ferrini , Frédéric Grosshans , Damian Markham

We show that using qutrits rather than qubits leads to a substantial reduction in the overhead cost associated with an approach to fault-tolerant quantum computing known as magic state distillation. We construct a family of $[[9m-k, k,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-18 Shiroman Prakash , Tanay Saha

Simulating quantum states on a classical computer is hard, typically requiring prohibitive resources in terms of memory and computational power. Efficient simulation, however, can be achieved for certain classes of quantum states, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-19 Igor Brandão , Daniel Tandeitnik , Thiago Guerreiro

Simulating quantum circuits is a computationally intensive task that relies heavily on tensor products and matrix multiplications, which can be inefficient. Recent advancements, eliminate the need for tensor products and matrix…

The mapping of fermionic states onto qubit states, as well as the mapping of fermionic Hamiltonian into quantum gates enables us to simulate electronic systems with a quantum computer. Benefiting the understanding of many-body systems in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-12 Mark Steudtner , Stephanie Wehner

Quantum simulation uses a well-known quantum system to predict the behavior of another quantum system. Certain limitations in this technique arise, however, when applied to specific problems, as we demonstrate with a theoretical and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Kenneth R. Brown , Robert J. Clark , Isaac L. Chuang

This paper identifies exact probabilistic simulation cost as the natural quantitative measure of quantum advantage for finite automata under strict cutpoints. It gives sharp simulation laws for two representative models. A one-way finite…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Zeyu Chen , Junde Wu

Traditional quantum circuit optimization is performed directly at the circuit level. Alternatively, a quantum circuit can be translated to a ZX-diagram which can be simplified using the rules of the ZX-calculus, after which a simplified…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-16 Ryan Krueger

To efficiently implement many-qubit gates for use in quantum simulations on quantum computers we develop and present methods reexpressing exp[-i (H_1 + H_2 + ...) \Delta t] as a product of factors exp[-i H_1 \Delta t], exp[-i H_2 \Delta t],…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 A. T. Sornborger , E. D. Stewart

We discuss efficient quantum logic circuits which perform two tasks: (i) implementing generic quantum computations and (ii) initializing quantum registers. In contrast to conventional computing, the latter task is nontrivial because the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Vivek V. Shende , Stephen S. Bullock , Igor L. Markov

This work presents a routing-aware pruning strategy for quantum circuits executed on Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices. We propose a method to remove parametric controlled rotations whose small rotation angles do not justify…

Quasiprobabilistic cutting techniques allow us to partition large quantum circuits into smaller subcircuits by replacing non-local gates with probabilistic mixtures of local gates. The cost of this method is a sampling overhead that scales…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-19 Lukas Schmitt , Christophe Piveteau , David Sutter
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