Related papers: Electric charge quantization in 331 Models with ex…
Basing on the general photon eigenstate and anomaly cancellation, it is shown that the electric charge quantization in SU(3)_c X SU(3)_L X U(1)_X model with exotic particles can be obtained independently on parameters alpha and betta. The…
We obtain electric charge quantization in the context of models based on the gauge symmetry group SU(3) X SU(4) X U(1). The gauge models studied include three families to cancel out anomalies and a set of scalar fields to break…
Experimentally it has been known for a long time that the electric charges of the observed particles appear to be quantized. An approach to understanding electric charge quantization that can be used for gauge theories with explicit $U(1)$…
Basing on the general photon eigenstate and the anomaly cancelation, we have naturally explained the electric charge quantization in two models based on the SU(3)_C X SU(3)_L X U(1)_X gauge group, namely in the minimal model and in the…
In the framework of Standard Model for the arbitrary values of Higgs and fermions fields hypercharges, taking into account parity invariance of electromagnetic interaction, expressions for the fermions charges, testifying the electric…
In gauge theories like the standard model, the electric charges of the fermions can be heavily constrained from the classical structure of the theory and from the cancellation of anomalies. We argue that the anomaly conditions are not quite…
In Field theories with simple or semi-simple unitary, local or global symmetries, the electric charge is related to a global one. This is the case also in electroweak gauge theories even before the spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB), where…
We explain how an unexpected algebraic structure, the division algebras, can be seen to underlie a generation of quarks and leptons. From this new vantage point, electrons and quarks are simply excitations from the neutrino, which formally…
We carry a systematic study of possible extensions of the standard model based on the gauge group SU(3)_c X SU(4)_L X U(1)_X. We consider both models with particles with exotic electric charges and models which do not contain exotic…
In a minimal extension of the Standard Model, in which new neutral fermions have been introduced, we show that the requirement of vanishing anomalies fixes the hypercharges of all fermions uniquely. This naturally leads to electric charge…
In the context of the standard model the quantization of the electric charge occurs only family by family. When we consider the three families together with massless neutrinos the electric charge is not quantized any more. Here we show that…
Within the context of the Standard Model, quarks are placed in a $(\mathbf{3},\mathbf{2})\oplus (\mathbf{3},\bar{\mathbf{2}})$ matter field representation of $U_{EW}(2)$. Although the quarks carry unit intrinsic electric charge in this…
The quantization of the electrical charge in the electrodynamics and of the hypercharge in the standard model are imposed in the theory based not on theoretical arguments but on the experimental observations. In this paper we propose a…
The uniqueness of the hypercharge assignments in the three fermion families leptoquark-bilepton $SU(3)_C \times SU(4)_L \times U(1)_N$ model is established. Although the gauge group contains an explicit U(1) factor, freedom from triangle…
We present a new model based on the SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1) symmetry, in which there is a new consistent set of chiral fermion fields that renders the model free from anomalies. The new fermions do not share the usual family structure of the…
In models with flat extra dimensions tiny Dirac neutrino masses can be generated via the coupling of four dimensional Standard Model fields to a higher dimensional fermion. Here we argue that, in spite of the Dirac nature of the neutrino,…
An extension of the gauge group $SU(2)_L\otimes U(1)_Y$ of the standard model to the symmetry group $SU(4)_L\otimes U(1)_X$ (3-4-1 for short) is presented. The model does not contain exotic electric charges and anomaly cancellation is…
One of the most important and unanswered problems in particle physics is the origin of the three generations of quarks and leptons. The standard Model does not provide any hint regarding its sequential charge assignments, which remain a…
We consider a gauge model based on $SU(3)\otimes U(1)$ symmetry in which the lepton number is violated explicitly by charged scalar and gauge bosons, including a vector field with double electric charge. Although there exist in the…
In gauge theories like the standard model, the electric charges of the fermions can be heavily constrained from the classical structure of the theory and from the cancellation of anomalies. There is however mounting evidence suggesting that…