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We introduce a new measure of complexity (called spectral complexity) for directed graphs. We start with splitting of the directed graph into its recurrent and non-recurrent parts. We define the spectral complexity metric in terms of the…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2018-11-02 Igor Mezić , Vladimir A. Fonoberov , Maria Fonoberova , Tuhin Sahai

Cognitive complexity measures quantify human difficulty in understanding the source code based on cognitive informatics foundation. The discipline derives cognitive complexity on a basis of fundamental software factors i.e, inputs, outputs,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2013-04-02 Yong-Hwa Choe , Chol-Yong Jong , Song Han

More often than not, there is a need to understand the structure of complex computer code: what functions and in what order they are called, how information travels around static, input, and output variables, what depends on what. As a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-10-10 Igor Polkovnikov

While intuitive for humans, the concept of visual complexity is hard to define and quantify formally. We suggest adopting the multi-scale structural complexity (MSSC) measure, an approach that defines structural complexity of an object as…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-08-09 Anna Kravchenko , Andrey A. Bagrov , Mikhail I. Katsnelson , Veronica Dudarev

Software is among the most complex endeavors of the human mind; large scale systems can have tens of millions of lines of source code. However, seldom is complexity measured above the lowest level of code, and sometimes source code files or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2011-05-13 Alejandro Fernández

We revisit existing linear computation coding (LCC) algorithms, and introduce a new framework that measures the computational cost of computing multidimensional linear functions, not only in terms of the number of additions, but also with…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Hans Rosenberger , Ali Bereyhi , Ralf R. Müller

In this paper, we define a Mathematical model of program structure. Mathematical model of program structure defined here provides unified mathematical treatment of program structure, which reveals that a program is a large and finite set of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-09-18 Kwangmyong Rim , Yonghua Choe

Network or graph structures are ubiquitous in the study of complex systems. Often, we are interested in complexity trends of these system as it evolves under some dynamic. An example might be looking at the complexity of a food web as…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-07-16 Russell K. Standish

Spreadsheets are widely used in industry, even for critical business processes. This implies the need for proper risk assessment in spreadsheets to evaluate the reliability and validity of the spreadsheet's outcome. As related research has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-04-06 Thomas Reschenhofer , Bernhard Waltl , Klym Shumaiev , Florian Matthes

Complexity measures are essential to understand complex systems and there are numerous definitions to analyze one-dimensional data. However, extensions of these approaches to two or higher-dimensional data, such as images, are much less…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2012-12-27 H. V. Ribeiro , L. Zunino , E. K. Lenzi , P. A. Santoro , R. S. Mendes

Network or graph structures are ubiquitous in the study of complex systems. Often, we are interested in complexity trends of these system as it evolves under some dynamic. An example might be looking at the complexity of a food web as…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2012-01-23 Russell K. Standish

Quantifying the complexity of systems consisting of many interacting parts has been an important challenge in the field of complex systems in both abstract and applied contexts. One approach, the complexity profile, is a measure of the…

Pattern Formation and Solitons · Physics 2013-06-03 Yavni Bar-Yam , Dion Harmon , Yaneer Bar-Yam

Technology trends will cause data movement to account for the majority of energy expenditure and execution time on emerging computers. Therefore, computational complexity will no longer be a sufficient metric for comparing algorithms, and a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-11-11 Venmugil Elango , Fabrice Rastello , Louis-Noel Pouchet , J. Ramanujam , P. Sadayappan

Complexity is a multi-faceted phenomenon, involving a variety of features including disorder, nonlinearity, and self-organisation. We use a recently developed rigorous framework for complexity to understand measures of complexity. We…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2020-09-22 Karoline Wiesner , James Ladyman

We propose a new approach to text semantic analysis and general corpus analysis using, as termed in this article, a "bi-gram graph" representation of a corpus. The different attributes derived from graph theory are measured and analyzed as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Thomas Konstantinovsky , Matan Mizrachi

Information-based complexity (IBC) is a well-defined complexity measure of any object given a description in a language and a classifier that identifies those descriptions with the object. Of course, the exact numerical value will vary…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Russell K. Standish

Accurate estimation of dataset complexity is crucial for evaluating and comparing link prediction models for knowledge graphs (KGs). The Cumulative Spectral Gradient (CSG) metric derived from probabilistic divergence between classes within…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Haji Gul , Abdul Ghani Naim , Ajaz Ahmad Bhat

Many complex biological, social, and economical networks show topologies drastically differing from random graphs. But, what is a complex network, i.e.\ how can one quantify the complexity of a graph? Here the Offdiagonal Complexity (OdC),…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2007-12-28 Jens Christian Claussen

In the nonlinear timeseries analysis literature, countless quantities have been presented as new ``entropy'' or ``complexity'' measures, often with similar roles. The ever-increasing pool of such measures makes creating a sustainable and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-25 George Datseris , Kristian Agasøster Haaga

Clique-width is one of the graph complexity measures leading to polynomial special-case algorithms for generally NP-complete problems, e.g. graph colourability. The best two currently known algorithms for verifying c-colourability of graphs…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Bruno Courcelle , Irène Durand , Michael Raskin