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Process rewards have been widely used in deep reinforcement learning to improve training efficiency, reduce variance, and prevent reward hacking. In LLM reasoning, existing works also explore various solutions for learning effective process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Xian Wu , Kaijie Zhu , Ying Zhang , Lun Wang , Wenbo Guo

There is a widespread intuition that model-based control methods should be able to surpass the data efficiency of model-free approaches. In this paper we attempt to evaluate this intuition on various challenging locomotion tasks. We take a…

We consider model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL) in 2-agent, high-fidelity continuous control problems -- an important domain for robots interacting with other agents in the same workspace. For non-trivial dynamical systems, MBRL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-04 Orr Krupnik , Igor Mordatch , Aviv Tamar

The field of reinforcement learning (RL) is concerned with algorithms for learning optimal policies in unknown stochastic environments. Programmatic RL studies representations of policies as programs, meaning involving higher order…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Guruprerana Shabadi , Nathanaël Fijalkow , Théo Matricon

In visuomotor policy learning, the control policy for the robotic agent is derived directly from visual inputs. The typical approach, where a policy and vision encoder are trained jointly from scratch, generalizes poorly to novel visual…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Scott Jones , Liyou Zhou , Sebastian W. Pattinson

Model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL) aims to learn model(s) of the environment dynamics that can predict the outcome of its actions. Forward application of the model yields so called imagined trajectories (sequences of action,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Adrian Remonda , Eduardo Veas , Granit Luzhnica

To achieve general intelligence, agents must learn how to interact with others in a shared environment: this is the challenge of multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL). The simplest form is independent reinforcement learning (InRL), where…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-08 Marc Lanctot , Vinicius Zambaldi , Audrunas Gruslys , Angeliki Lazaridou , Karl Tuyls , Julien Perolat , David Silver , Thore Graepel

Standard reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms assume that the observation of the next state comes instantaneously and at no cost. In a wide variety of sequential decision making tasks ranging from medical treatment to scientific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-27 Colin Bellinger , Rory Coles , Mark Crowley , Isaac Tamblyn

Standard model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL) approaches fit a transition model of the environment to all past experience, but this wastes model capacity on data that is irrelevant for policy improvement. We instead propose a new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Yecheng Jason Ma , Kausik Sivakumar , Jason Yan , Osbert Bastani , Dinesh Jayaraman

In this paper, we study the problem of transferring the available Markov Decision Process (MDP) models to learn and plan efficiently in an unknown but similar MDP. We refer to it as \textit{Model Transfer Reinforcement Learning (MTRL)}…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Hannes Eriksson , Debabrota Basu , Tommy Tram , Mina Alibeigi , Christos Dimitrakakis

Model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL) agents typically learn world models by minimizing predictive loss. However, powerful RL optimizers inevitably exploit minor model inaccuracies, leading to simulator exploitation and a reality gap…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Christoph Dann , Yishay Mansour , Mehryar Mohri

The search for interpretable reinforcement learning policies is of high academic and industrial interest. Especially for industrial systems, domain experts are more likely to deploy autonomously learned controllers if they are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-05 Daniel Hein , Steffen Udluft , Thomas A. Runkler

Preference-based reinforcement learning (PbRL) can enable robots to learn to perform tasks based on an individual's preferences without requiring a hand-crafted reward function. However, existing approaches either assume access to a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Yi Liu , Gaurav Datta , Ellen Novoseller , Daniel S. Brown

In recent years, $Q$-learning has become indispensable for model-free reinforcement learning (MFRL). However, it suffers from well-known problems such as under- and overestimation bias of the value, which may adversely affect the policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Youngmin Oh , Jinwoo Shin , Eunho Yang , Sung Ju Hwang

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have been successfully used to develop control policies for dynamical systems. For many such systems, these policies are trained in a simulated environment. Due to discrepancies between the simulated…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-23 Anubhav Guha , Anuradha Annaswamy

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) considers settings in which a set of coexisting agents interact with one another and their environment. The adaptation and learning of other agents induces non-stationarity in the environment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Ian Davies , Zheng Tian , Jun Wang

In offline reinforcement learning (RL), the goal is to learn a highly rewarding policy based solely on a dataset of historical interactions with the environment. The ability to train RL policies offline can greatly expand the applicability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Rahul Kidambi , Aravind Rajeswaran , Praneeth Netrapalli , Thorsten Joachims

Model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL) is recognized with the potential to be significantly more sample-efficient than model-free RL. How an accurate model can be developed automatically and efficiently from raw sensory inputs (such as…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Jun Lv , Yunhai Feng , Cheng Zhang , Shuang Zhao , Lin Shao , Cewu Lu

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a branch of machine learning which is employed to solve various sequential decision making problems without proper supervision. Due to the recent advancement of deep learning, the newly proposed Deep-RL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-17 Dhruv Ramani

Designing effective model-based reinforcement learning algorithms is difficult because the ease of data generation must be weighed against the bias of model-generated data. In this paper, we study the role of model usage in policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Michael Janner , Justin Fu , Marvin Zhang , Sergey Levine