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Positive-Unlabeled (PU) learning is an analog to supervised binary classification for the case when only the positive sample is clean, while the negative sample is contaminated with latent instances of positive class and hence can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Dmitry Ivanov

When learning from positive and unlabelled data, it is a strong assumption that the positive observations are randomly sampled from the distribution of $X$ conditional on $Y = 1$, where X stands for the feature and Y the label. Most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Fengxiang He , Tongliang Liu , Geoffrey I Webb , Dacheng Tao

Given only positive (P) and unlabeled (U) data, PU learning can train a binary classifier without any negative data. It has two building blocks: PU class-prior estimation (CPE) and PU classification; the latter has been well studied while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Yu Yao , Tongliang Liu , Bo Han , Mingming Gong , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama , Dacheng Tao

Most positive and unlabeled data is subject to selection biases. The labeled examples can, for example, be selected from the positive set because they are easier to obtain or more obviously positive. This paper investigates how learning can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-01 Jessa Bekker , Pieter Robberechts , Jesse Davis

Can we learn a binary classifier from only positive data, without any negative data or unlabeled data? We show that if one can equip positive data with confidence (positive-confidence), one can successfully learn a binary classifier, which…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-29 Takashi Ishida , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

We present a novel approach to learn binary classifiers when only positive and unlabeled instances are available (PU learning). This problem is routinely cast as a supervised task with label noise in the negative set. We use an ensemble of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-02-13 Marc Claesen , Frank De Smet , Johan A. K. Suykens , Bart De Moor

A common approach in positive-unlabeled learning is to train a classification model between labeled and unlabeled data. This strategy is in fact known to give an optimal classifier under mild conditions; however, it results in biased…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-02-03 Shantanu Jain , Martha White , Predrag Radivojac

In binary classification, Learning from Positive and Unlabeled data (LePU) is semi-supervised learning but with labeled elements from only one class. Most of the research on LePU relies on some form of independence between the selection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Naji Shajarisales , Peter Spirtes , Kun Zhang

Recent advances in weakly supervised classification allow us to train a classifier only from positive and unlabeled (PU) data. However, existing PU classification methods typically require an accurate estimate of the class-prior…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-22 Tomoya Sakai , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

The scarcity of class-labeled data is a ubiquitous bottleneck in many machine learning problems. While abundant unlabeled data typically exist and provide a potential solution, it is highly challenging to exploit them. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Bing Yu , Ke Sun , He Wang , Zhouchen Lin , Zhanxing Zhu

Positive unlabeled learning is a binary classification problem with positive and unlabeled data. It is common in domains where negative labels are costly or impossible to obtain, e.g., medicine and personalized advertising. Most approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Bojan Žunkovič

In the early history of positive-unlabeled (PU) learning, the sample selection approach, which heuristically selects negative (N) data from U data, was explored extensively. However, this approach was later dominated by the importance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-30 Miao Xu , Bingcong Li , Gang Niu , Bo Han , Masashi Sugiyama

We address learning from positive and unlabeled (PU) data, a common setting in which only some positives are labeled and the rest are mixed with negatives. Classical exponential tilting models guarantee identifiability by assuming a linear…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-19 Peijun Sang , Yifan Sun , Qinglong Tian , Donglin Zeng , Pengfei Li

The recently proposed unlabeled-unlabeled (UU) classification method allows us to train a binary classifier only from two unlabeled datasets with different class priors. Since this method is based on the empirical risk minimization, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Nan Lu , Tianyi Zhang , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

Learning from positive and unlabeled (PU) data is a setting where the learner only has access to positive and unlabeled samples while having no information on negative examples. Such PU setting is of great importance in various tasks such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Emilio Dorigatti , Jonas Schweisthal , Bernd Bischl , Mina Rezaei

This paper defines a positive and unlabeled classification problem for standard GANs, which then leads to a novel technique to stabilize the training of the discriminator in GANs. Traditionally, real data are taken as positive while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Tianyu Guo , Chang Xu , Jiajun Huang , Yunhe Wang , Boxin Shi , Chao Xu , Dacheng Tao

Bottlenecks of binary classification from positive and unlabeled data (PU classification) are the requirements that given unlabeled patterns are drawn from the test marginal distribution, and the penalty of the false positive error is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-11-10 Nontawat Charoenphakdee , Masashi Sugiyama

The positive-unlabeled (PU) classification is a common scenario in real-world applications such as healthcare, text classification, and bioinformatics, in which we only observe a few samples labeled as "positive" together with a large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-20 Ke Ren , Haichuan Yang , Yu Zhao , Mingshan Xue , Hongyu Miao , Shuai Huang , Ji Liu

The binary classification problem has a situation where only biased data are observed in one of the classes. In this paper, we propose a new method to approach the positive and biased negative (PbN) classification problem, which is a weakly…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-28 Shotaro Watanabe , Hidetoshi Matsui

During recent years, active learning has evolved into a popular paradigm for utilizing user's feedback to improve accuracy of learning algorithms. Active learning works by selecting the most informative sample among unlabeled data and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Alireza Ghasemi , Hamid R. Rabiee , Mohsen Fadaee , Mohammad T. Manzuri , Mohammad H. Rohban