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Clifford gates play a role in the optimisation of Clifford+T circuits. Reducing the count and the depth of Clifford gates, as well as the optimal scheduling of T gates, influence the hardware and the time costs of executing quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-18 Alexandru Paler , Robert Basmadjian

The preparation of data in quantum states is a critical component in the design of quantum algorithms. The cost of this step can significantly limit the realization of quantum advantage in domains such as machine learning, finance, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Alessandro Berti , Francesco Ghisoni

Quantum computation holds the promise of solving computational problems which are believed to be classically intractable. However, in practice, quantum devices are still limited by their relatively short coherence times and imperfect…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-22 Sagar Silva Pratapsi , Diogo Cruz

Quantum random-access memory (QRAM) is a mechanism to access data (quantum or classical) based on addresses which are themselves a quantum state. QRAM has a long and controversial history, and here we survey and expand arguments and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 Samuel Jaques , Arthur G. Rattew

Quantum computing has garnered attention for its potential to solve complex computational problems with considerable speedup. Despite notable advancements in the field, achieving meaningful scalability and noise control in quantum hardware…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-12 Eduardo Willwock Lussi , Rafael de Santiago , Eduardo Inacio Duzzioni

Parallel processing of information plays a critical role in accelerating computation. This includes quantum computers, where parallel processing of quantum information will play a critical role in practical quantum advantage. Here, we…

Quantum error correction is necessary to perform large-scale quantum computation, but requires extremely large overheads in both space and time. High-rate quantum low-density-parity-check (qLDPC) codes promise a route to reduce qubit…

Cloud-accessible quantum processors enable direct execution of quantum algorithms on heterogeneous hardware platforms. Unlike classical systems, however, identical quantum circuits may exhibit substantially different behavior across devices…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-12 Askar Oralkhan , Temirlan Zhaxalykov

Quantum random-access look-up of a string of classical bits is a necessary ingredient in several important quantum algorithms. In some cases, the cost of such quantum random-access memory (qRAM) is the limiting factor in the implementation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-24 Olivia Di Matteo , Vlad Gheorghiu , Michele Mosca

Fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) is essential to implement quantum algorithms in a noise-resilient way, and thus to enjoy advantages of quantum computers even with presence of noise. In FTQC, a quantum circuit is decomposed into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-23 Kohdai Kuroiwa , Yuya O. Nakagawa

Quantum random access memories (QRAMs) are pivotal for data-intensive quantum algorithms, but existing general-purpose and domain-specific architectures are hampered by a critical bottleneck: a heavy reliance on non-Clifford gates (e.g.,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-07 Guangyi Li , Yu Gan , Zeguan Wu , Xueyue Zhang , Zheshen Zhang , Junyu Liu

In a modern error corrected quantum memory or circuit, parallelization of gate operations is severely restricted due to issues like cross-talk. Hence, there are enough idle qubits not undergoing gate operations either during the computation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-17 Sai Sanjay Narayanan , Smita Bagewadi , Avhishek Chatterjee

A "bucket brigade" architecture for a quantum random memory of $N=2^n$ memory cells needs $n(n+5)/2$ times of quantum manipulation on control circuit nodes per memory call. Here we propose a scheme, in which only average $n/2$ times…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-12-12 Fang-Yu Hong , Yang Xiang , Zhi-Yan Zhu , Li-zhen Jiang , Liang-neng Wu

A random access memory (RAM) uses n bits to randomly address N=2^n distinct memory cells. A quantum random access memory (qRAM) uses n qubits to address any quantum superposition of N memory cells. We present an architecture that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Vittorio Giovannetti , Seth Lloyd , Lorenzo Maccone

Multi-controlled Toffoli gates are fundamental building blocks in quantum computation, with applications in quantum arithmetic, simulation, and search algorithms. In fault-tolerant architectures, their realization is constrained by the high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Abhoy Kole , Majd Assaad , Till Schnittka , Rolf Drechsler

Quantum computing hardware is undergoing rapid development from proof-of-principle devices to scalable machines that could eventually challenge classical supercomputers on specific tasks. On platforms with local connectivity, the transition…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-13 Adam Holmes , Sonika Johri , Gian Giacomo Guerreschi , James S. Clarke , A. Y. Matsuura

Resource-efficient and high-precision approximate synthesis of quantum circuits expressed in the Clifford+T gate set is vital for Fault-Tolerant quantum computing. Efficient optimal methods are known for single-qubit RZ unitaries, otherwise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 Mathias Weiden , Justin Kalloor , John Kubiatowicz , Ed Younis , Costin Iancu

IBM has made several quantum computers available to researchers around the world via cloud services. Two architectures with five qubits, one with 16, and one with 20 qubits are available to run experiments. The IBM architectures implement…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Gerhard W. Dueck , Anirban Pathak , Md Mazder Rahman , Abhishek Shukla , Anindita Banerjee

Giovannetti, Lloyd, and Maccone [Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 160501] proposed a quantum random access memory (QRAM) architecture to retrieve arbitrary superpositions of $N$ (quantum) memory cells via $O(\log(N))$ quantum switches and $O(\log(N))$…

Quantum computers are expected to bring drastic acceleration to several computing tasks against classical computers. Noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices, which have tens to hundreds of noisy physical qubits, are gradually…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-28 Yutaro Akahoshi , Kazunori Maruyama , Hirotaka Oshima , Shintaro Sato , Keisuke Fujii