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While Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has been well explored in computer vision, there have been relatively few prior attempts in OOD detection for NLP classification. In this paper we argue that these prior attempts do not fully…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Mrinal Rawat , Ramya Hebbalaguppe , Lovekesh Vig

Out-of-distribution detection is an important capability that has long eluded vanilla neural networks. Deep Neural networks (DNNs) tend to generate over-confident predictions when presented with inputs that are significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Sumedh A Sontakke , Buvaneswari Ramanan , Laurent Itti , Thomas Woo

The application of machine learning in safety-critical systems requires a reliable assessment of uncertainty. However, deep neural networks are known to produce highly overconfident predictions on out-of-distribution (OOD) data. Even if…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Alexander Meinke , Julian Bitterwolf , Matthias Hein

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is an important problem in natural language processing (NLP). In this work, we propose a simple yet effective framework $k$Folden, which mimics the behaviors of OOD detection during training without the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Xiaoya Li , Jiwei Li , Xiaofei Sun , Chun Fan , Tianwei Zhang , Fei Wu , Yuxian Meng , Jun Zhang

We consider the problem of detecting OoD(Out-of-Distribution) input data when using deep neural networks, and we propose a simple yet effective way to improve the robustness of several popular OoD detection methods against label shift. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Matteo Guarrera , Baihong Jin , Tung-Wei Lin , Maria Zuluaga , Yuxin Chen , Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli

Out-of-distribution (OOD) testing is increasingly popular for evaluating a machine learning system's ability to generalize beyond the biases of a training set. OOD benchmarks are designed to present a different joint distribution of data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Damien Teney , Kushal Kafle , Robik Shrestha , Ehsan Abbasnejad , Christopher Kanan , Anton van den Hengel

A serious problem in image classification is that a trained model might perform well for input data that originates from the same distribution as the data available for model training, but performs much worse for out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Rajat Koner , Poulami Sinhamahapatra , Karsten Roscher , Stephan Günnemann , Volker Tresp

Multi-label Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) detection aims to discriminate the OOD samples from the multi-label In-Distribution (ID) ones. Compared with its multiclass counterpart, it is crucial to model the joint information among classes. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Yuchen Sun , Qianqian Xu , Zitai Wang , Zhiyong Yang , Junwei He

Using search engines for web image retrieval is a tempting alternative to manual curation when creating an image dataset, but their main drawback remains the proportion of incorrect (noisy) samples retrieved. These noisy samples have been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Paul Albert , Eric Arazo , Noel E. O'Connor , Kevin McGuinness

Out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs can compromise the performance and safety of real world machine learning systems. While many methods exist for OOD detection and work well on small scale datasets with lower resolution and few classes, few…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Hong Yang , William Gebhardt , Alexander G. Ororbia , Travis Desell

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is an important task in machine learning systems for ensuring their reliability and safety. Deep probabilistic generative models facilitate OOD detection by estimating the likelihood of a data sample.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Jaemoo Choi , Changyeon Yoon , Jeongwoo Bae , Myungjoo Kang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection and uncertainty estimation (UE) are critical components for building safe machine learning systems, especially in real-world scenarios where unexpected inputs are inevitable. However the two problems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Pirzada Suhail , Rehna Afroz , Gouranga Bala , Amit Sethi

In open-set semi-supervised learning (OSSL), we consider unlabeled datasets that may contain unknown classes. Existing OSSL methods often use the softmax confidence for classifying data as in-distribution (ID) or out-of-distribution (OOD).…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Erik Wallin , Lennart Svensson , Fredrik Kahl , Lars Hammarstrand

Deep Neural Networks are powerful models that attained remarkable results on a variety of tasks. These models are shown to be extremely efficient when training and test data are drawn from the same distribution. However, it is not clear how…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-01-11 Gabi Shalev , Yossi Adi , Joseph Keshet

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is critical to AI reliability and safety, yet in many practical settings, only a limited amount of training data is available. Bayesian Neural Networks (BNNs) are a promising class of model on which to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Kevin Raina , Tanya Schmah

When testing conditions differ from those represented in training data, so-called out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs can mar the reliability of learned components in the modern robot autonomy stack. Therefore, coping with OOD data is an…

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection, i.e., identifying whether an input is sampled from a novel distribution other than the training distribution, is a critical task for safely deploying machine learning systems in the open world. Recently,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Feng Xue , Zi He , Chuanlong Xie , Falong Tan , Zhenguo Li

We expect the generalization error to improve with more samples from a similar task, and to deteriorate with more samples from an out-of-distribution (OOD) task. In this work, we show a counter-intuitive phenomenon: the generalization error…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Ashwin De Silva , Rahul Ramesh , Carey E. Priebe , Pratik Chaudhari , Joshua T. Vogelstein

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical to ensure the safe deployment of deep learning models in critical applications. Deep learning models can often misidentify OOD samples as in-distribution (ID) samples. This vulnerability…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Sudarshan Regmi

Computer-aided diagnostics has benefited from the development of deep learning-based computer vision techniques in these years. Traditional supervised deep learning methods assume that the test sample is drawn from the identical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Zesheng Hong , Yubiao Yue , Yubin Chen , Lele Cong , Huanjie Lin , Yuanmei Luo , Mini Han Wang , Weidong Wang , Jialong Xu , Xiaoqi Yang , Hechang Chen , Zhenzhang Li , Sihong Xie