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Behavior Trees (BTs) offer a powerful paradigm for designing modular and reactive robot controllers. BT planning, an emerging field, provides theoretical guarantees for the automated generation of reliable BTs. However, BT planning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yishuai Cai , Xinglin Chen , Yunxin Mao , Kun Hu , Minglong Li , Yaodong Yang , Yuanpei Chen

Neural networks (NNs) whose subnetworks implement reusable functions are expected to offer numerous advantages, including compositionality through efficient recombination of functional building blocks, interpretability, preventing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Róbert Csordás , Sjoerd van Steenkiste , Jürgen Schmidhuber

Robotic assistance in robot arm teleoperation tasks has recently gained a lot of traction in industrial and domestic environment. A wide variety of input devices is used in such setups. Due to the noise in the input signals (e.g., Brain…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Mohamed Behery , Minh Trinh , Christian Brecher , Gerhard Lakemeyer

Fast changing tasks in unpredictable, collaborative environments are typical for medium-small companies, where robotised applications are increasing. Thus, robot programs should be generated in short time with small effort, and the robot…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Oscar Gustavsson , Matteo Iovino , Jonathan Styrud , Christian Smith

Integrating the heterogeneous controllers of a complex mechanical system, such as a mobile manipulator, within the same structure and in a modular way is still challenging. In this work we extend our framework based on Behavior Trees for…

Tree-based data structures are ubiquitous across applications. Therefore, a multitude of different tree implementations exist. However, while these implementations are diverse, they share a tree structure as the underlying data structure.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Daniel Biebert , Christian Hakert , Jian-Jia Chen

In this paper we provide a practical demonstration of how the modularity in a Behavior Tree (BT) decreases the effort in programming a robot task when compared to a Finite State Machine (FSM). In recent years the way to represent a task…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Matteo Iovino , Julian Förster , Pietro Falco , Jen Jen Chung , Roland Siegwart , Christian Smith

This paper proposes an Interactive Inference Behavior Tree (IIBT) framework that integrates behavior trees (BTs) with active inference under the free energy principle for distributed multi-robot decision-making. The proposed IIBT node…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Chaoran Wang , Jingyuan Sun , Yanhui Zhang , Changju Wu

Executing temporal plans in the real and open world requires adapting to uncertainty both in the environment and in the plan actions. A plan executor must therefore be flexible to dispatch actions based on the actual execution conditions.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Josh Zapf , Marco Roveri , Francisco Martin , Juan Carlos Manzanares

Learning representation for source code is a foundation of many program analysis tasks. In recent years, neural networks have already shown success in this area, but most existing models did not make full use of the unique structural…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Wenhan Wang , Ge Li , Sijie Shen , Xin Xia , Zhi Jin

Interpretable policy representations like Behavior Trees (BTs) and Dynamic Motion Primitives (DMPs) enable robot skill transfer from human demonstrations, but each faces limitations: BTs require expert-crafted low-level actions, while DMPs…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-14 David Cáceres Domínguez , Erik Schaffernicht , Todor Stoyanov

Behavior Trees (BTs) provide a lean set of control flow elements that are easily composable in a modular tree structure. They are well established for modeling the high-level behavior of non-player characters in computer games and recently…

In recent years, the model of computation known as Behavior Trees (BT), first developed in the video game industry, has become more popular in the robotics community for defining discrete behavior switching. BTs are threatening to supplant…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-11 Joshua M. Zutell , David C. Conner , Philipp Schillinger

The Industry 4.0 paradigm manifests the shift towards mass customization and cyber-physical production systems (CPPS) and sets new requirements for industrial automation software in terms of modularity, flexibility, and short development…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Aleksandr Sidorenko , Mahdi Rezapour , Achim Wagner , Martin Ruskowski

In this paper, we show how Behavior Trees that have performance guarantees, in terms of safety and goal convergence, can be extended with components that were designed using machine learning, without destroying those performance guarantees.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Christopher Iliffe Sprague , Petter Ögren

It is difficult to create robust, reusable, and reactive behaviors for robots that can be easily extended and combined. Frameworks such as Behavior Trees are flexible but difficult to characterize, especially when designing reactions and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-08-07 Chris Paxton , Nathan Ratliff , Clemens Eppner , Dieter Fox

Though modern neural networks have achieved impressive performance in both vision and language tasks, we know little about the functions that they implement. One possibility is that neural networks implicitly break down complex tasks into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Michael A. Lepori , Thomas Serre , Ellie Pavlick

Many prediction problems, such as those that arise in the context of robotics, have a simplifying underlying structure that, if known, could accelerate learning. In this paper, we present a strategy for learning a set of neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-06 Ferran Alet , Tomás Lozano-Pérez , Leslie P. Kaelbling

As robots become increasingly complex, they must explain their behaviors to gain trust and acceptance. However, it may be difficult through verbal explanation alone to fully convey information about past behavior, especially regarding…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Zhao Han , Tom Williams , Holly A. Yanco

In industrial applications Finite State Machines (FSMs) are often used to implement decision making policies for autonomous systems. In recent years, the use of Behavior Trees (BT) as an alternative policy representation has gained…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Mattias Hallen , Matteo Iovino , Shiva Sander-Tavallaey , Christian Smith