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The cooperation among AI systems, and between AI systems and humans is becoming increasingly important. In various real-world tasks, an agent needs to cooperate with unknown partner agent types. This requires the agent to assess the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Antti Keurulainen , Isak Westerlund , Ariel Kwiatkowski , Samuel Kaski , Alexander Ilin

Memory is an important aspect of intelligence and plays a role in many deep reinforcement learning models. However, little progress has been made in understanding when specific memory systems help more than others and how well they…

Modern AI systems increasingly operate inside markets and institutions where data, behavior, and incentives are endogenous. This paper develops an economic foundation for multi-agent learning by studying a principal-agent interaction in a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-08 Nassim Helou

By formally defining the training processes of large language models (LLMs), which usually encompasses pre-training, supervised fine-tuning, and reinforcement learning with human feedback, within a single and unified machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Yang Liu , Peng Sun , Hang Li

The mean field algorithm is a widely used approximate inference algorithm for graphical models whose exact inference is intractable. In each iteration of mean field, the approximate marginals for each variable are updated by getting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-10-23 Yujia Li , Richard Zemel

Recently, model-based agents have achieved better performance than model-free ones using the same computational budget and training time in single-agent environments. However, due to the complexity of multi-agent systems, it is tough to…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Zhiwei Xu , Dapeng Li , Bin Zhang , Yuan Zhan , Yunpeng Bai , Guoliang Fan

Recent breakthroughs in Go play and strategic games have witnessed the great potential of reinforcement learning in intelligently scheduling in uncertain environment, but some bottlenecks are also encountered when we generalize this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Xingxing Liang , Qi Wang , Yanghe Feng , Zhong Liu , Jincai Huang

Reinforcement learning agents in complex game environments often suffer from sparse rewards, training instability, and poor sample efficiency. This paper presents a hybrid training approach that combines offline imitation learning with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Thomas Ackermann , Moritz Spang , Hamza A. A. Gardi

In this article, we introduce a game-theoretic learning framework for the multi-agent wireless network. By combining learning in artificial intelligence (AI) with game theory, several promising properties emerge such as obtaining high…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-04-18 Ximing Wang , Jinlong Wang , Jin Chen , Yijun Yang , Lijun Kong , Xin Liu , Luliang Jia , Yuhua Xu

Designing efficient algorithms for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is fundamentally challenging because the size of the joint state and action spaces grows exponentially in the number of agents. These difficulties are exacerbated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Emile Anand , Ishani Karmarkar , Guannan Qu

We present two variants of a multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm based on evolutionary game theoretic considerations. The intentional simplicity of one variant enables us to prove results on its relationship to a system of ordinary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Johann Bauer , Sheldon West , Eduardo Alonso , Mark Broom

Progress in fields of machine learning and adversarial planning has benefited significantly from benchmark domains, from checkers and the classic UCI data sets to Go and Diplomacy. In sequential decision-making, agent evaluation has largely…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Marc Lanctot , John Schultz , Neil Burch , Max Olan Smith , Daniel Hennes , Thomas Anthony , Julien Perolat

This paper presents a learning framework to estimate an agent capability and task requirement model for multi-agent task allocation. With a set of team configurations and the corresponding task performances as the training data, linear task…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-09 Bo Fu , William Smith , Denise Rizzo , Matthew Castanier , Maani Ghaffari , Kira Barton

Many applications, e.g., in shared mobility, require coordinating a large number of agents. Mean-field reinforcement learning addresses the resulting scalability challenge by optimizing the policy of a representative agent interacting with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Matej Jusup , Barna Pásztor , Tadeusz Janik , Kenan Zhang , Francesco Corman , Andreas Krause , Ilija Bogunovic

We explore a collaborative and cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning setting where a team of reinforcement learning agents attempt to solve a single cooperative task in a multi-scenario setting. We propose a novel multi-agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Hassam Ullah Sheikh , Ladislau Bölöni

Multi-agent robotic systems are increasingly operating in real-world environments in close proximity to humans, yet are largely controlled by policy models with inscrutable deep neural network representations. We introduce a method for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Renos Zabounidis , Joseph Campbell , Simon Stepputtis , Dana Hughes , Katia Sycara

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a learning paradigm concerned with learning to control a system so as to maximize an objective over the long term. This approach to learning has received immense interest in recent times and success manifests…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-26 Sanyam Kapoor

This paper extends the reinforcement learning ideas into the multi-agents system, which is far more complicated than the previously studied single-agent system. We studied two different multi-agents systems. One is the fully-connected…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-05-18 Zhipeng Wang , Mingbo Cai

The recent mean field game (MFG) formalism has enabled the application of inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) methods in large-scale multi-agent systems, with the goal of inferring reward signals that can explain demonstrated behaviours of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Yang Chen , Libo Zhang , Jiamou Liu , Shuyue Hu

Multi-agent reinforcement learning systems aim to provide interacting agents with the ability to collaboratively learn and adapt to the behaviour of other agents. In many real-world applications, the agents can only acquire a partial view…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Ozsel Kilinc , Giovanni Montana