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Estimating post-click conversion rate (CVR) accurately is crucial in E-commerce. However, CVR prediction usually suffers from three major challenges in practice: i) data sparsity: compared with impressions, conversion samples are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Yanshi Wang , Jie Zhang , Qing Da , Anxiang Zeng

Prospective display advertising poses a great challenge for large advertising platforms as the strongest predictive signals of users are not eligible to be used in the conversion prediction systems. To that end efforts are made to collect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Djordje Gligorijevic , Jelena Gligorijevic , Aaron Flores

The task of predicting conversion rates (CVR) lies at the heart of online advertising systems aiming to optimize bids to meet advertiser performance requirements. Even with the recent rise of deep neural networks, these predictions are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Alex Shtoff , Yohay Kaplan , Ariel Raviv

Conducting experiments with objectives that take significant delays to materialize (e.g. conversions, add-to-cart events, etc.) is challenging. Although the classical "split sample testing" is still valid for the delayed feedback, the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-02-03 Zenan Wang , Carlos Carrion , Xiliang Lin , Fuhua Ji , Yongjun Bao , Weipeng Yan

Calibration is defined as the ratio of the average predicted click rate to the true click rate. The optimization of calibration is essential to many online advertising recommendation systems because it directly affects the downstream bids…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Yewen Fan , Nian Si , Kun Zhang

Optimizing conversions is crucial in modern online advertising systems, enabling advertisers to deliver relevant products to users and drive business outcomes. However, accurately predicting conversion events remains challenging due to…

Online advertising platforms use automated auctions to connect advertisers with potential customers, requiring effective bidding strategies to maximize profits. Accurate ad impact estimation requires considering three key factors: delayed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Yuwei Cheng , Zifeng Zhao , Haifeng Xu

The interaction of conversational systems with users poses an exciting opportunity for improving them after deployment, but little evidence has been provided of its feasibility. In most applications, users are not able to provide the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Jon Ander Campos , Kyunghyun Cho , Arantxa Otegi , Aitor Soroa , Gorka Azkune , Eneko Agirre

One of the challenges in display advertising is that the distribution of features and click through rate (CTR) can exhibit large shifts over time due to seasonality, changes to ad campaigns and other factors. The predominant strategy to…

In many real applications of statistical learning, collecting sufficiently many training data is often expensive, time-consuming, or even unrealistic. In this case, a transfer learning approach, which aims to leverage knowledge from a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-26 Baozhen Wang , Xingye Qiao

Conversion prediction plays an important role in online advertising since Cost-Per-Action (CPA) has become one of the primary campaign performance objectives in the industry. Unlike click prediction, conversions have different types in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-10 Junwei Pan , Yizhi Mao , Alfonso Lobos Ruiz , Yu Sun , Aaron Flores

We extend conformal prediction methodology beyond the case of exchangeable data. In particular, we show that a weighted version of conformal prediction can be used to compute distribution-free prediction intervals for problems in which the…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-07-08 Ryan J. Tibshirani , Rina Foygel Barber , Emmanuel J. Candes , Aaditya Ramdas

Learning from implicit feedback has become the standard paradigm for modern recommender systems. However, this setting is fraught with the persistent challenge of false negatives, where unobserved user-item interactions are not necessarily…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Minglei Yin , Chuanbo Hu , Bin Liu , Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Yanfang , Ye , Xin Li

Conversion rate (CVR) prediction is an essential task for large-scale e-commerce platforms. However, refund behaviors frequently occur after conversion in online shopping systems, which drives us to pay attention to effective conversion for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Yunfeng Zhao , Xu Yan , Xiaoqiang Gui , Shuguang Han , Xiang-Rong Sheng , Guoxian Yu , Jufeng Chen , Zhao Xu , Bo Zheng

Covariate shift, a widely used assumption in tackling {\it distributional shift} (when training and test distributions differ), focuses on scenarios where the distribution of the labels conditioned on the feature vector is the same, but the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Deeksha Adil , Jarosław Błasiok

Consider a scenario where we have access to train data with both covariates and outcomes while test data only contains covariates. In this scenario, our primary aim is to predict the missing outcomes of the test data. With this objective in…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-29 Masahiro Kato , Kota Matsui , Ryo Inokuchi

A default assumption in many machine learning scenarios is that the training and test samples are drawn from the same probability distribution. However, such an assumption is often violated in the real world due to non-stationarity of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Tianyi Zhang , Ikko Yamane , Nan Lu , Masashi Sugiyama

Watch time is widely used as a proxy for user satisfaction in video recommendation platforms. However, raw watch times are influenced by confounding factors such as video duration, popularity, and individual user behaviors, potentially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Emily Liu , Kuan Han , Minfeng Zhan , Bocheng Zhao , Guanyu Mu , Yang Song

Sales promotions, as short-term incentives to stimulate product purchases, play a pivotal role in modern e-commerce marketing strategies. During promotional events, user behavior patterns exhibit distinct characteristics compared to regular…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xin Song , Kaiyuan Li , Jinxin Hu

In traditional Machine Learning, the algorithms predictions are based on the assumption that the data follows the same distribution in both the training and the test datasets. However, in real world data this condition does not hold and,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Laura Fdez-Díaz , Sara González Tomillo , Elena Montañés , José Ramón Quevedo